MCQ on Genetic Variation, Inheritance, and Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of genetic recombination during meiosis?

  • Genetic variation is reduced
  • Mutations occur in DNA sequence
  • New combinations of alleles are generated (correct)
  • Alleles for different genes are sorted independently

    • What is the function of the centromere?

  • Sites for DNA replication initiation
  • Specialized region for chromosome segregation (correct)
  • Initiates DNA replication
  • Repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends

    • What occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

  • Chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form
  • Sister chromatids separate (correct)
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Chromosomes align at cell equator

    • What is the term for the movement of genes between populations?

    <p>Gene flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the different forms of a gene?

    <p>Allelic variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins?

    <p>Epigenetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main importance of somatic cell division?

    <p>Replacement and growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of meiosis in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>Increased genetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Purpose of the process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair?

    <p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproduction involves mitosis?

    <p>Asexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Sources of genetic variation

    Sources include mutations, recombination, and gene flow.

    Mutations

    Changes in the DNA sequence that create variation.

    Genetic recombination

    Mixing of parental genes during meiosis through crossing over.

    Gene flow

    Movement of genes between populations through migration.

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    Allelic variation

    Different forms of a gene producing varying traits.

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    Mendel's Law of Segregation

    Alleles separate during gamete formation.

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    Law of Independent Assortment

    Genes for different traits assort independently.

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    Mitosis

    Cell division producing genetically identical daughter cells.

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    Meiosis

    Cell division that produces gametes with genetic diversity.

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    Chromatin

    DNA wrapped around histones, forming a compact structure.

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    Sexual reproduction

    Involves meiosis and fertilization, increasing variation.

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    Study Notes

    Genetic Variation

    • Sources of genetic variation:

      • Mutations: changes in DNA sequence
      • Genetic recombination: crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis
      • Gene flow: movement of genes between populations

    • Types of genetic variation:

      • Allelic variation: different forms of a gene, resulting in varying expressions of a single trait, such as different flower colors or blood types, which can provide a selective advantage or disadvantage in certain environments.

      : Allelic variation: multiple forms of a gene, such as different alleles of the ABO gene that determine an individual's ABO blood type, leading to variations in the expression of a single trait.

      • Genomic variation: differences in DNA sequence and structure
      • Epigenetic variation: chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins

    Genetic Inheritance

    • Mendel's Laws:
      • Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
      • Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
      • Law of Dominance: dominant alleles mask recessive alleles
    • Patterns of inheritance:
      • Autosomal dominant/recessive traits
      • X-linked traits
      • Incomplete dominance and codominance

    Chromosome Structure

    • Chromatin:
      • DNA wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes
      • Higher-order chromatin structures: chromatin fibers and chromonema
    • Chromosome components:
      • Centromere: specialized region for chromosome segregation
      • Telomere: repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends
      • Origins of replication: sites for DNA replication initiation

    Mitosis

    • Stages:
      1. Interphase: chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form
      2. Prophase: chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down
      3. Metaphase: chromosomes align at cell equator
      4. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
      5. Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromatin decondenses
      6. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, cell splits
    • Importance:
      • Somatic cell division: replacement and growth
      • Produces genetically identical daughter cells

    Meiosis

    • Stages:
      1. Interphase: chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form
      2. Prophase I: chromatin condenses, homologous chromosomes pair
      3. Metaphase I: paired chromosomes align at cell equator
      4. Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes separate
      5. Telophase I: nuclear envelope reforms, chromatin decondenses
      6. Prophase II: chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form
      7. Metaphase II: sister chromatids align at cell equator
      8. Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate
      9. Telophase II: nuclear envelope reforms, chromatin decondenses
      10. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, cell splits
    • Importance:
      • Gamete formation: diversity and genetic variation

    Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction:
      • Involves meiosis and fertilization
      • Increases genetic variation
      • Examples: humans, animals, plants
    • Asexual reproduction:
      • Involves mitosis
      • Produces genetically identical offspring
      • Examples: bacteria, some plants and animals

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    Description

    Test your understanding of genetic variation, inheritance patterns, and cell division processes including mitosis and meiosis. This quiz covers the sources and types of genetic variation, Mendel's laws, chromosome structure, and the importance of mitosis and meiosis.

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