MCO Lecture 10: DNA Sequencing and PCR

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What is the direction of DNA synthesis?

3' → 3'

3' → 5'

5' → 5'

5' → 3' (correct)

What is the main difference between dideoxynucleotides and normal nucleotides?

Absence of a 3'-OH group (correct)

Presence of a 5'-OH group

Presence of a 2'-OH group

Presence of a 3'-OH group

What is the term for the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a piece of DNA?

DNA sequencing (correct)

DNA synthesis

PCR amplification

DNA replication

Who developed the technique of Sanger sequencing?

Frederick Sanger Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dideoxynucleotides in Sanger sequencing?

To terminate DNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of DNA strands that underlies both DNA replication and Watson-Crick base pairing?

They are anti-parallel Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of oligodeoxynucleotide primers in PCR?

20-24 mers Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range at which Thermus aquaticus can survive?

50°C to 80°C Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature is the extension of primers by Taq DNA polymerase performed in PCR?

72°C Signup and view all the answers

Why is Taq polymerase useful in PCR?

It is not denatured by the high temperatures used in PCR Signup and view all the answers

How many cycles of PCR are typically performed?

20-30 cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of PCR machines?

To control the temperature of the PCR reaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of fossil was found in African populations in 2011?

DNA fossil Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum age of the fossils found in the cave?

2.034 million years ago Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing mismatches in a primer during PCR?

To make specific mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of PCR in forensic science?

It can process very small blood samples Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the application of PCR in legal cases?

Forensic science Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of understanding PCR techniques in the context of human origins?

It allows for the identification of DNA from ancient humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using multiple STRs in DNA profiling?

To increase the discrimination power of DNA profiling Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the system operated by the FBI for DNA profiling?

CODIS Signup and view all the answers

How many STRs are typically analyzed in a multiplex PCR reaction?

13 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying X and Y chromosomes in a separate reaction?

To determine the sex of the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the European standard set of STRs used in DNA profiling?

European Standard Set Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of analyzing VNTRs in DNA profiling?

To determine the identity of the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of heating to 94°C in the PCR cycle?

To separate the strands Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primers in the PCR cycle?

To bind to the target sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeating the PCR cycle 30 times?

Produces 1000 million copies of the target sequence Signup and view all the answers