Questions and Answers
What does the induced fit model describe?
What is the relationship between photon energy and radiation frequency?
Photon energy is proportional to radiation frequency.
What do transferase enzymes do?
Transfer functional groups.
What does Tm refer to?
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Define Kcat.
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What is the significance of Km?
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How many hydrogen bond donors and acceptors does adenine have?
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What would contribute to a high pI?
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What is a requirement of a reducing sugar?
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What is the biggest contributor to the stabilization of glycerol binding?
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What indicates the presence of cysteine?
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What shape does the curve of unfolding of proteins have?
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What is the electric field equation?
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What does the standard free energy change equation represent?
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Define catalytic efficiency.
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What does cDNA cloning use?
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What does NADPH being converted to NADP+ indicate?
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What happens during deamidation?
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What are monozygotic twins?
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What is an example of demographic?
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What is the looking-glass self?
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What is the effect of cocaine?
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What is the rank of vertical mobility?
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What is the theory behind signal detection?
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Study Notes
Chemistry and Physics Concepts
- Induced Fit Model: Active site changes shape to better bind substrate.
- Photon Energy: Proportional to radiation frequency.
- Transferase Enzymes: Function to transfer functional groups between molecules.
- Tm (Melting Temperature): Temperature where half of proteins in solution denatured.
- Kcat (Turnover Number): Rate-limiting step under saturating substrate conditions; lower y-intercept indicates higher Kcat.
- Km (Michaelis Constant): Substrate concentration at which reaction rate is half of Vmax.
Hydrogen Bonding in Nucleotides
- Adenine: One hydrogen bond donor and one acceptor.
- Thymine: One hydrogen bond donor and one acceptor.
- Guanine: Two hydrogen bond donors and one acceptor.
- Cytosine: One hydrogen bond donor and two acceptors.
Biochemical Properties and Reactions
- High pI: Contributed by basic residues.
- Reducing Sugar Requirement: Must have a hemiacetal end.
- pH Effects: High pH leads to deprotonation; low pH leads to protonation.
- Cysteine Presence: Indicates covalent disulfide bonds in dimers.
- Protein Unfolding Curve: Sigmoidal shape due to cooperative processes.
Enzyme Kinetics
- Catalytic Efficiency: Calculated as Kcat/Km; low Kcat and high Km decrease efficiency.
- Uncompetitive Inhibitors: More effective at high substrate concentration; lower both Km and Vmax.
- Lineweaver-Burk Plot Slope: Km/Vmax.
- Competitive Inhibitors: Do not affect Vmax; solely increase Km.
Structural Biology
- Transmembrane Helices: Comprised of stretches of hydrophobic amino acids.
- Dimerization: Interaction of two receptor proteins to form functional complexes.
- Phosphodiester Bonds: Link adjacent nucleotides in DNA, not involved in tertiary structure stabilization.
Protein Separation Techniques
- Isoelectric Focusing and Ion Exchange Chromatography: Separate proteins based on charge.
- SDS-PAGE: Separates proteins based on mass.
- Affinity Chromatography: Separates proteins based on ligand interactions.
Metabolism and Enzyme Functions
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase: Active in both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
- Glycogen Phosphorylase: Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycogen breakdown.
- Glycerol: Acts as a gluconeogenesis precursor.
- Phosphogluconate: Involved in pentose phosphate pathway, not gluconeogenesis.
Molecular Biology Techniques
- cDNA Cloning Tools: Utilizes DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and reverse transcriptase; RNA polymerase is not used.
- Deamidation Reaction: Releases ammonia (NH3).
- Hill Coefficient: Measures cooperativity; values greater than 1 indicate positive cooperativity.
Psychology and Sociology Concepts
- Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis but does not influence learning and attention.
- Cocaine: Acts as a stimulant; mirrors stress response affecting glucose metabolism.
- Monozygotic Twins: Identical twins from a single zygote splitting into two embryos.
- Social Epidemiology: Examines the impact of social and cultural factors on disease patterns.
Behavioral Theories and Models
- Looking-Glass Self: Self-image shaped by perceived views of others.
- Demographic Transition Theory: Describes the decrease in birth and death rates.
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Stress response with three phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
- Signal Detection Theory: Relies on stimulus strength and psychological factors.
Neurology and Cognition
- fMRI: Measures brain activity through blood flow changes.
- Fluid Intelligence: The ability to solve problems and think on one’s feet.
- Effect of Severed Corpus Callosum: Individuals can name objects presented to the right side due to left hemisphere processing.
Social Structures
- Vertical Mobility: Movement between social positions of different ranks.
- McDonaldization: Describes the spread of efficiency and dehumanization in modern society.
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