MCAT Biology: Cells and Cell Theory
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Questions and Answers

Which type of virus has a DNA genome and uses the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication and transcription?

  • Retrovirus
  • Viroid
  • DNA virus (correct)
  • RNA virus

    • What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

  • Degradation of host DNA
  • Synthesis of cDNA from RNA (correct)
  • Replication of DNA
  • Transcription of RNA

    • What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?

  • Virus replicates fast and lyses host cell
  • Virus has a large capsid
  • Virus is integrated into host genome (correct)
  • Virus has a dsDNA genome

    • What is the term for the process of RNA-mediated replication and transcription in RNA viruses?

    <p>RdRp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?

    <p>RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a virus replicates fast and lyses the host cell?

    <p>Lytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of viroids?

    <p>Is a small circular ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protein misfolding in prions?

    <p>Decrease in solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ssRNA(+) viruses?

    <p>Uses RdRp for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bacteriophages?

    <p>Has a lytic and lysogenic life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus uses RNA genome, replicates with RdRp inside capsid, and does not involve transcription?

    <p>ssRNA(+) viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Retroviruses in terms of genetic material and enzyme?

    <p>Contain two copies of dsRNA and reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus has a genome identical to the host's DNA and utilizes the host cell's replication and transcription machinery?

    <p>dsDNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of replication and transcription mechanisms, which group of viruses involves RdRp performing both functions?

    <p>ssRNA(–) viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of prion proteins undergoing misfolding?

    <p>Conformational change leading to decreased solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA without a protective capsid and primarily affects plants except for Hepatitis D in humans?

    <p>Viroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a bacterium classified as cocci?

    <p>Spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotic cell can tolerate oxygen but prefers to grow in its absence?

    <p>Aerotolerant anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic unique to obligate anaerobes?

    <p>Dies in the presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from their environment?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Archaea that is similar to Eukarya?

    <p>Presence of histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Modification of materials received from the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia and flagella found in eukaryotic cells share a similar internal structure. What is this structure?

    <p>9+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Cellular respiration and ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Processing and modification of lipids and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and relies on RdRp for replication but not transcription?

    <p>ssRNA(–) virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During infection, which virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome in the lysogenic cycle?

    <p>dsDNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of retroviruses that differentiates them from other viruses?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of virus do RdRp enzymes perform both replication and transcription processes as part of their life cycle?

    <p>ssRNA(–) viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of viruses utilizes the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication?

    <p>dsDNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?

    <p>Synthesis of cDNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA and does not have a protective capsid, affecting primarily plants?

    <p>Viroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotic cell requires oxygen for survival and cannot live without it?

    <p>Obligate aerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Regulation of osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of bacteria with a spiral shape?

    <p>Spirilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes results in the transfer of DNA from the environment to the bacterial cell?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Synthesis of rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotic cell can switch between using oxygen and using anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the modification of materials from the ER in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Cell surface movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle assists in the pentose phosphate pathway in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RdRp enzyme in RNA viruses?

    <p>To replicate RNA genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?

    <p>RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Prions?

    <p>Misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Reverse Transcriptase enzyme in Retroviruses?

    <p>To synthesize DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus has a double-stranded RNA genome?

    <p>dsRNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Lytic cycle?

    <p>Virus replicates fast and lyses host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure in prokaryotic cells that contains genetic material?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?

    <p>Presence of histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which viruses infect bacterial cells and transfer genetic material?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of bacteria classified as spirilla?

    <p>Spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of bacterial growth where the cell population grows rapidly?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>Autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures composed of tubulin that are involved in motor protein pathways and centrioles in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>rRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme involved in the production of H2O2 in peroxisomes?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Protein modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microfilaments (actin rods) in cells?

    <p>Muscle contraction and cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in cells?

    <p>Protection, cell-cell adhesion, and maintain cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell death characterized by release of cytochrome C from the electron transport chain?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>Autolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in maintaining cell structure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintenance of overall cell shape?

    <p>Intermediate Filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anaerobe can only grow and reproduce in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Obligate anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of viruses contains a single strand of positive-sense RNA as their genetic material?

    <p>ssRNA(+) viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shape of bacteria refers to those that are rod-shaped?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is also known as 'pavement epithelium' due to its flat, scale-like cells?

    <p>Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

    <p>Gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria can survive in the presence of oxygen, but cannot use it for metabolism?

    <p>Aerotolerant anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic element can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?

    <p>Episome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vesicle that pinches off from the membrane during endocytosis?

    <p>Endosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of viral genome uses RdRp enzyme for replication and transcription?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prokaryotic cell type cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Obligate anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of flagella in a cell?

    <p>To generate force for cell movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To wind DNA into a more compact form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peroxisomes?

    <p>To contain and break down hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia in a cell?

    <p>To move materials along the cell's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of facultative anaerobes?

    <p>They can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromosome?

    <p>A DNA molecule with some or all of the genetic information of a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a centriole composed of?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a bacterium classified as spirilli?

    <p>Long thin spirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for an organelle to be semiautonomous?

    <p>It can perform a couple of functions on its own independently from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of columnar epithelium?

    <p>Long, thin, column shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>To have nuclei and membrane bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cuboidal epithelium?

    <p>Cube shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be a female bacterium?

    <p>To accept conjugation bridge and genetic info from the donor male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of squamous epithelial cells?

    <p>Flat, scale-like cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the ribosomes found in mitochondria?

    <p>They are similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>To provide a framework for epithelial cells to carry out their function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>To digest both foreign material and damaged organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>To serve as a selective barrier between the cytosol and the mitochondrial inner environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hook?

    <p>To connect the filament and the basal body to facilitate motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus?

    <p>To synthesize ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?

    <p>Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>The space inside the mitochondrion's inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus?

    <p>To act as the control center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory

    • All organisms are made up of cells
    • Cells are the basic functional unit of life
    • Cells come from pre-existing cells
    • Cells carry genetic information (DNA)

    Eukaryotic Cells

    Nucleus

    • Double-layered envelope containing DNA
    • Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA

    Mitochondria

    • Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix
    • Proton-motive force: H+ pumped from matrix to intermembrane space
    • Apoptosis via release of cytochrome C from ETC

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Rough ER: studded ribosomes, translates secreted proteins
    • Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification, protein transport

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Modifies materials from ER

    Peroxisomes

    • H2O2 production to break down VLCFA
    • Assists in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway

    Cytoskeleton

    • Microfilaments (actin rods): protection, muscle contraction, cleavage furrow
    • Microtubules (tubulin tubes): motor protein pathway, centrioles, cilia (cell surface movement), flagella (overall cell movement)
    • Intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins): cell-cell adhesion, maintain cytoskeleton, cell rigidity, anchor organelles

    Types of Tissues

    Epithelial

    • Lines body/cavities and forms parenchyma
    • Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
    • Simple, pseudostratified, stratified

    Connective

    • Supports body and forms framework for epithelia, forms stroma
    • Secretes collagen/elastin to form ECM
    • Cardiac (more info in Cardiovascular System)
    • Nervous (more info in Nervous System)

    Prokaryotic Cells - Bacteria

    Structure

    • Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), spirilla (spiral)
    • Single circular chromosome in nucleoid
    • Envelope (cell wall and plasma membrane)
    • Gram staining
    • Flagella (filament, hook, basal body → chemotaxis)

    O2 Requirement

    • Obligate aerobes (no oxygen → death)
    • Facultative anaerobes (switch between O2 or no O2)
    • Microaerophiles (tolerates only low amounts of oxygen)
    • Aerotolerant anaerobes (can tolerate oxygen)
    • Obligate anaerobes (oxygen → death)

    Recombination

    • Transformation (acquired from environment)
    • Conjugation (transferred between bacteria)
    • Transduction (acquired by viruses)

    Growth Stages

    • Lag phase
    • Log phase
    • Stationary phase
    • Death phase

    Archaea (compared to bacteria)

    Similarities

    • Singular circular chromosome
    • Similar structure (no LPS/PDG)
    • Binary fission

    Differences

    • Start translation with methionine, histones, and similar RNA pol to eukaryotes

    Viruses

    Virions (nucleocapsid)

    • DNA viruses (DNA genome, nucleus, host machinery)
      • dsDNA (identical to host DNA)
      • Host replication and transcription
      • ssDNA
      • Host replication and transcription
    • RNA viruses (RNA genome, cytoplasm, own machinery)
      • dsRNA (occurs in eukaryotes if targeted)
      • Replication w/ RdRp inside capsid, no transcription
      • ssRNA(+)
      • Replication w/ RdRp, no transcription
      • ssRNA(-)
      • RdRp performs replication and transcription

    Retroviruses

    • Two copies of ssRNA, has reverse transcriptase → cDNA from RNA

    Life Cycle (bacteriophages only)

    • Lytic (virulent, virus replicates fast and lyses host cell)
    • Lysogenic (temperate, virus integrated into host genome)

    Other

    • Viroids (small circular ssRNA w/ no capsid, affects plants except for Hep.D in humans)

    • Prions (misfolded proteins, α helices to β-pleated sheets → solubility ↓, degradation ↓)### Bacterial Shapes

    • Cocci bacteria are shaped like small spheres.

    • Spirilli bacteria are shaped like long thin spirals.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are semiautonomous, meaning they can perform some functions independently of the cell.
    • Mitochondria contain their own genes in the form of circular DNA strands.
    • Mitochondria have their own ribosomes, similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes.
    • Mitochondria can divide independently of the cell as a whole through binary fission.

    Epithelial Cells

    • Columnar Epithelium is composed of long, thin, column-shaped cells.
    • Cuboidal Epithelium is composed of cube-shaped cells.
    • Squamous Epithelium is composed of flat, scale-like epithelial cells.

    Cell Types

    • Eukaryotic cells are cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

    Bacterial Sex

    • A female bacterium (F-) does not have a sex factor plasmid.
    • Female bacteria accept the conjugation bridge and genetic info from the donor male.
    • A male bacterium has a sex factor plasmid, which is used for conjugation.

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