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Questions and Answers
Which type of virus has a DNA genome and uses the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication and transcription?
Which type of virus has a DNA genome and uses the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication and transcription?
- Retrovirus
- Viroid
- DNA virus (correct)
- RNA virus
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
- Degradation of host DNA
- Synthesis of cDNA from RNA (correct)
- Replication of DNA
- Transcription of RNA
What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
What is the characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
- Virus replicates fast and lyses host cell
- Virus has a large capsid
- Virus is integrated into host genome (correct)
- Virus has a dsDNA genome
What is the term for the process of RNA-mediated replication and transcription in RNA viruses?
What is the term for the process of RNA-mediated replication and transcription in RNA viruses?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?
What is the term for the process where a virus replicates fast and lyses the host cell?
What is the term for the process where a virus replicates fast and lyses the host cell?
What is the characteristic of viroids?
What is the characteristic of viroids?
What is the result of protein misfolding in prions?
What is the result of protein misfolding in prions?
What is a characteristic of ssRNA(+) viruses?
What is a characteristic of ssRNA(+) viruses?
What is a characteristic of bacteriophages?
What is a characteristic of bacteriophages?
Which type of virus uses RNA genome, replicates with RdRp inside capsid, and does not involve transcription?
Which type of virus uses RNA genome, replicates with RdRp inside capsid, and does not involve transcription?
What is the characteristic of Retroviruses in terms of genetic material and enzyme?
What is the characteristic of Retroviruses in terms of genetic material and enzyme?
Which type of virus has a genome identical to the host's DNA and utilizes the host cell's replication and transcription machinery?
Which type of virus has a genome identical to the host's DNA and utilizes the host cell's replication and transcription machinery?
In terms of replication and transcription mechanisms, which group of viruses involves RdRp performing both functions?
In terms of replication and transcription mechanisms, which group of viruses involves RdRp performing both functions?
What is the primary effect of prion proteins undergoing misfolding?
What is the primary effect of prion proteins undergoing misfolding?
Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA without a protective capsid and primarily affects plants except for Hepatitis D in humans?
Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA without a protective capsid and primarily affects plants except for Hepatitis D in humans?
What is the shape of a bacterium classified as cocci?
What is the shape of a bacterium classified as cocci?
What is the primary function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?
Which type of prokaryotic cell can tolerate oxygen but prefers to grow in its absence?
Which type of prokaryotic cell can tolerate oxygen but prefers to grow in its absence?
What is the characteristic unique to obligate anaerobes?
What is the characteristic unique to obligate anaerobes?
What is the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from their environment?
What is the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from their environment?
What is a characteristic of Archaea that is similar to Eukarya?
What is a characteristic of Archaea that is similar to Eukarya?
What is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?
What is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?
Cilia and flagella found in eukaryotic cells share a similar internal structure. What is this structure?
Cilia and flagella found in eukaryotic cells share a similar internal structure. What is this structure?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?
Which type of tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?
Which type of tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and relies on RdRp for replication but not transcription?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and relies on RdRp for replication but not transcription?
During infection, which virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome in the lysogenic cycle?
During infection, which virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome in the lysogenic cycle?
What is the primary characteristic of retroviruses that differentiates them from other viruses?
What is the primary characteristic of retroviruses that differentiates them from other viruses?
For which type of virus do RdRp enzymes perform both replication and transcription processes as part of their life cycle?
For which type of virus do RdRp enzymes perform both replication and transcription processes as part of their life cycle?
Which class of viruses utilizes the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication?
Which class of viruses utilizes the host cell's nucleus and machinery for replication?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?
Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA and does not have a protective capsid, affecting primarily plants?
Which type of virus carries a circular single-stranded RNA and does not have a protective capsid, affecting primarily plants?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria?
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria?
Which type of prokaryotic cell requires oxygen for survival and cannot live without it?
Which type of prokaryotic cell requires oxygen for survival and cannot live without it?
What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a type of bacteria with a spiral shape?
Which of the following is a type of bacteria with a spiral shape?
Which of the following processes results in the transfer of DNA from the environment to the bacterial cell?
Which of the following processes results in the transfer of DNA from the environment to the bacterial cell?
Which of the following is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?
Which of the following is the phase of bacterial growth where the cell population remains constant?
What is the main function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification in eukaryotic cells?
Which type of prokaryotic cell can switch between using oxygen and using anaerobic respiration?
Which type of prokaryotic cell can switch between using oxygen and using anaerobic respiration?
Which organelle is responsible for the modification of materials from the ER in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for the modification of materials from the ER in eukaryotic cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?
Which type of epithelial tissue forms the linings of body cavities and organs?
What is the primary role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle assists in the pentose phosphate pathway in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle assists in the pentose phosphate pathway in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of RdRp enzyme in RNA viruses?
What is the primary function of RdRp enzyme in RNA viruses?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?
Which type of virus has a single-stranded RNA genome and uses its own machinery for replication and transcription?
What is the characteristic of Prions?
What is the characteristic of Prions?
What is the primary function of Reverse Transcriptase enzyme in Retroviruses?
What is the primary function of Reverse Transcriptase enzyme in Retroviruses?
Which type of virus has a double-stranded RNA genome?
Which type of virus has a double-stranded RNA genome?
What is the characteristic of the Lytic cycle?
What is the characteristic of the Lytic cycle?
What is the term for the structure in prokaryotic cells that contains genetic material?
What is the term for the structure in prokaryotic cells that contains genetic material?
What is the term for the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact?
What is the term for the process by which bacteria can acquire new genetic information from other bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact?
What is the characteristic that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?
What is the characteristic that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?
What is the term for the process by which viruses infect bacterial cells and transfer genetic material?
What is the term for the process by which viruses infect bacterial cells and transfer genetic material?
What is the shape of bacteria classified as spirilla?
What is the shape of bacteria classified as spirilla?
What is the term for the period of bacterial growth where the cell population grows rapidly?
What is the term for the period of bacterial growth where the cell population grows rapidly?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is the term for the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?
What is the term for the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
What is the term for the structures composed of tubulin that are involved in motor protein pathways and centrioles in eukaryotic cells?
What is the term for the structures composed of tubulin that are involved in motor protein pathways and centrioles in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the name of the enzyme involved in the production of H2O2 in peroxisomes?
What is the name of the enzyme involved in the production of H2O2 in peroxisomes?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of microfilaments (actin rods) in cells?
What is the primary function of microfilaments (actin rods) in cells?
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in cells?
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in cells?
What is the process of cell death characterized by release of cytochrome C from the electron transport chain?
What is the process of cell death characterized by release of cytochrome C from the electron transport chain?
What is the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?
What is the process of cell death where the cell breaks down and releases hydrolytic enzymes?
What is the function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in maintaining cell structure?
What is the function of intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins) in maintaining cell structure?
Which structural component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintenance of overall cell shape?
Which structural component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for maintenance of overall cell shape?
What type of anaerobe can only grow and reproduce in the absence of oxygen?
What type of anaerobe can only grow and reproduce in the absence of oxygen?
Which type of viruses contains a single strand of positive-sense RNA as their genetic material?
Which type of viruses contains a single strand of positive-sense RNA as their genetic material?
Which shape of bacteria refers to those that are rod-shaped?
Which shape of bacteria refers to those that are rod-shaped?
Which type of epithelium is also known as 'pavement epithelium' due to its flat, scale-like cells?
Which type of epithelium is also known as 'pavement epithelium' due to its flat, scale-like cells?
Which type of bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
Which type of bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
What type of bacteria can survive in the presence of oxygen, but cannot use it for metabolism?
What type of bacteria can survive in the presence of oxygen, but cannot use it for metabolism?
Which genetic element can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?
Which genetic element can integrate itself into the host bacterium's genome?
What is a vesicle that pinches off from the membrane during endocytosis?
What is a vesicle that pinches off from the membrane during endocytosis?
What type of viral genome uses RdRp enzyme for replication and transcription?
What type of viral genome uses RdRp enzyme for replication and transcription?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells?
Which prokaryotic cell type cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?
Which prokaryotic cell type cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?
Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein translation and secretion in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main function of flagella in a cell?
What is the main function of flagella in a cell?
What is the role of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?
What is the region of the cell where centrioles are found?
What is the function of cilia in a cell?
What is the function of cilia in a cell?
What is the characteristic of facultative anaerobes?
What is the characteristic of facultative anaerobes?
What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome?
What is a centriole composed of?
What is a centriole composed of?
What is the shape of a bacterium classified as spirilli?
What is the shape of a bacterium classified as spirilli?
What does it mean for an organelle to be semiautonomous?
What does it mean for an organelle to be semiautonomous?
What is the primary characteristic of columnar epithelium?
What is the primary characteristic of columnar epithelium?
What does it mean to be a eukaryotic cell?
What does it mean to be a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary characteristic of cuboidal epithelium?
What is the primary characteristic of cuboidal epithelium?
What does it mean to be a female bacterium?
What does it mean to be a female bacterium?
What is the primary characteristic of squamous epithelial cells?
What is the primary characteristic of squamous epithelial cells?
What is unique about the ribosomes found in mitochondria?
What is unique about the ribosomes found in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?
What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?
What is the function of lysosomes?
What is the function of lysosomes?
What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
What is the function of the mitochondrial outer membrane?
What is the function of the hook?
What is the function of the hook?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?
What is the order of taxonomy from most general to most specific?
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
What is the function of the nucleus?
What is the function of the nucleus?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All organisms are made up of cells
- Cells are the basic functional unit of life
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
- Cells carry genetic information (DNA)
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
- Double-layered envelope containing DNA
- Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA
Mitochondria
- Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix
- Proton-motive force: H+ pumped from matrix to intermembrane space
- Apoptosis via release of cytochrome C from ETC
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER: studded ribosomes, translates secreted proteins
- Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification, protein transport
Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies materials from ER
Peroxisomes
- H2O2 production to break down VLCFA
- Assists in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway
Cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments (actin rods): protection, muscle contraction, cleavage furrow
- Microtubules (tubulin tubes): motor protein pathway, centrioles, cilia (cell surface movement), flagella (overall cell movement)
- Intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins): cell-cell adhesion, maintain cytoskeleton, cell rigidity, anchor organelles
Types of Tissues
Epithelial
- Lines body/cavities and forms parenchyma
- Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- Simple, pseudostratified, stratified
Connective
- Supports body and forms framework for epithelia, forms stroma
- Secretes collagen/elastin to form ECM
- Cardiac (more info in Cardiovascular System)
- Nervous (more info in Nervous System)
Prokaryotic Cells - Bacteria
Structure
- Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), spirilla (spiral)
- Single circular chromosome in nucleoid
- Envelope (cell wall and plasma membrane)
- Gram staining
- Flagella (filament, hook, basal body → chemotaxis)
O2 Requirement
- Obligate aerobes (no oxygen → death)
- Facultative anaerobes (switch between O2 or no O2)
- Microaerophiles (tolerates only low amounts of oxygen)
- Aerotolerant anaerobes (can tolerate oxygen)
- Obligate anaerobes (oxygen → death)
Recombination
- Transformation (acquired from environment)
- Conjugation (transferred between bacteria)
- Transduction (acquired by viruses)
Growth Stages
- Lag phase
- Log phase
- Stationary phase
- Death phase
Archaea (compared to bacteria)
Similarities
- Singular circular chromosome
- Similar structure (no LPS/PDG)
- Binary fission
Differences
- Start translation with methionine, histones, and similar RNA pol to eukaryotes
Viruses
Virions (nucleocapsid)
- DNA viruses (DNA genome, nucleus, host machinery)
- dsDNA (identical to host DNA)
- Host replication and transcription
- ssDNA
- Host replication and transcription
- RNA viruses (RNA genome, cytoplasm, own machinery)
- dsRNA (occurs in eukaryotes if targeted)
- Replication w/ RdRp inside capsid, no transcription
- ssRNA(+)
- Replication w/ RdRp, no transcription
- ssRNA(-)
- RdRp performs replication and transcription
Retroviruses
- Two copies of ssRNA, has reverse transcriptase → cDNA from RNA
Life Cycle (bacteriophages only)
- Lytic (virulent, virus replicates fast and lyses host cell)
- Lysogenic (temperate, virus integrated into host genome)
Other
-
Viroids (small circular ssRNA w/ no capsid, affects plants except for Hep.D in humans)
-
Prions (misfolded proteins, α helices to β-pleated sheets → solubility ↓, degradation ↓)### Bacterial Shapes
-
Cocci bacteria are shaped like small spheres.
-
Spirilli bacteria are shaped like long thin spirals.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are semiautonomous, meaning they can perform some functions independently of the cell.
- Mitochondria contain their own genes in the form of circular DNA strands.
- Mitochondria have their own ribosomes, similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes.
- Mitochondria can divide independently of the cell as a whole through binary fission.
Epithelial Cells
- Columnar Epithelium is composed of long, thin, column-shaped cells.
- Cuboidal Epithelium is composed of cube-shaped cells.
- Squamous Epithelium is composed of flat, scale-like epithelial cells.
Cell Types
- Eukaryotic cells are cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
Bacterial Sex
- A female bacterium (F-) does not have a sex factor plasmid.
- Female bacteria accept the conjugation bridge and genetic info from the donor male.
- A male bacterium has a sex factor plasmid, which is used for conjugation.
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