MCAT 2023 Phase Diagrams

Questions and Answers

What does a phase diagram show?

Conditions for solid, liquid, or vapor states (correct)

The effects of temperature on pressure

Molecular structure of substances

Chemical reactions at different temperatures

What is social facilitation?

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

What is the bystander effect?

The tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Which of the following are factors associated with the bystander effect? (Select all that apply)

Take cues from others Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividuation?

When an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity. Signup and view all the answers

Define social loafing.

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal. Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion. Signup and view all the answers

Define normative social influence.

Behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval. Signup and view all the answers

What is informational social influence?

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Signup and view all the answers

Define groupthink.

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives. Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of groupthink? (Select all that apply)

Self-deception Signup and view all the answers

Who is Irving Janis in relation to groupthink?

He defined a model of groupthink where members prioritize consensus over critical evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity?

When someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to align with the perspectives of others. Signup and view all the answers

What is compliance?

When a person conforms but internally dissents. Signup and view all the answers

What is conversion in social psychology?

A genuine change in someone's beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Asch Experiment.

A study that demonstrated how individuals would conform to incorrect group answers even when they knew the answers were wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A strategy where a small commitment is followed by a larger request. Signup and view all the answers

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A technique of making a large initial request that is refused, followed by a smaller request. Signup and view all the answers

What is the low-ball technique in persuasion?

Quoting a low sale price then adding costs Signup and view all the answers

Define obedience in social psychology.

Changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the Milgram Experiment.

An experiment that tested how far people would go in obeying a scientific authority figure, even when it involved harming others. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A study where participants were assigned roles as guards or prisoners, leading to abusive behavior within days. Signup and view all the answers

Define social norms.

Rules that regulate behavior, beliefs, attitudes, and values in society. Signup and view all the answers

What is social control?

The enforcement and perpetuation of norms in society. Signup and view all the answers

What is deviance?

Behavior that does not follow social norms. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between formal and informal norms.

Formal norms have strict penalties, informal norms do not Signup and view all the answers

What are folkways?

Insignificant informal norms that govern everyday behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define mores.

Informal norms that incur severe disapproval when violated. Signup and view all the answers

What are taboos?

Restrictive norms that lead to extreme disapproval. Signup and view all the answers

What does Anomie refer to?

A situation where there is a mismatch between societal norms and the individual's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are sanctions?

Punishments or rewards for violating or following social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a solute is added to water with respect to boiling point and melting point?

Boiling point increases and melting point lowers. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the differential association theory.

The theory that deviance is learned through social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the labeling approach?

It focuses on how being labeled as deviant affects behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is primary deviance?

The initial act that leads to being labeled as deviant. Signup and view all the answers

Define secondary deviance.

Subsequent acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance. Signup and view all the answers

What does strain theory focus on?

The role of social and economic pressures on deviance. Signup and view all the answers

What is socialization?

The process of learning norms through interaction. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the agents of socialization?

Family, education system, mass media, peers, and workplace. Signup and view all the answers

Define fads.

Temporary trends that quickly gain and lose popularity. Signup and view all the answers

What is mass hysteria?

Irrational fear of a perceived threat, bordering on collective delusion. Signup and view all the answers

What are riots?

Large-scale violent protests characterized by dangerous behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is peer pressure?

Influence exerted by peers to change behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does anaerobic mean?

Processes that do not require oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are halophiles?

Salt-loving archaea inhabiting high-salt environments. Signup and view all the answers

What do the numbers on the bottom of an element's box in the MCAT periodic table represent?

The molar mass of the element in grams/mol. Signup and view all the answers

How many grams are in a kilogram?

1000 grams. Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity?

Moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). Signup and view all the answers

What is a mole?

A number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 10^23). Signup and view all the answers

What does a 1 M solution of glucose contain?

6.02 × 10^23 molecules of glucose in each liter. Signup and view all the answers

Define millimolar (mM).

10^-3 M. Signup and view all the answers

What does micromolar (µM) mean?

10^-6 M. Signup and view all the answers

What does nanomolar (nM) signify?

10^-9 M. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a person drinks a large amount of hypersaline ocean water?

The blood becomes hypertonic to body cells, causing osmosis of water out of cells. Signup and view all the answers

Does NaCl readily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?

No, but water does through osmosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple diffusion?

Movement of a solute from high to low concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What types of molecules can simply diffuse across the cell membrane?

Small or nonpolar molecules, e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What are Aquaporins?

Transport proteins that facilitate diffusion of water across membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ contains a lot of aquaporins?

Kidneys, specifically in the collecting ducts of nephrons. Signup and view all the answers

What does hypertonic mean?

A solution with a greater concentration of solutes compared to another. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks and loses water. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the behavior of a cell in a hypotonic solution.

It gains water, potentially rupturing or lysing. Signup and view all the answers

What are colligative properties?

Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles, not their identity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four colligative properties of solutions?

Osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is vapor pressure?

The pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid. Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher vapor pressure indicate?

A larger number of solvent particles escaped into the gas phase. Signup and view all the answers

Define boiling point.

The temperature at which vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's solid phase less dense than its liquid phase?

The bent structure of water molecules maximizes hydrogen bonding in the solid phase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for gypsum?

CaSO4. Signup and view all the answers

Define ionic compound.

A compound composed of positive and negative ions with no net charge. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during beta decay?

A neutron converts to a proton, emitting an electron. Signup and view all the answers

Describe gamma decay.

Radioactive decay through the emission of a gamma ray; no change in mass number or atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

What does chiral signify in chemistry?

A molecule that is sp3 hybridized and attached to four different groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the number of stereoisomers?

2^n, where n is the number of chiral centers. Signup and view all the answers

What are boiling chips used for?

To prevent bumping during boiling in distillation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chemical extractions?

To separate compounds based on different solubilities. Signup and view all the answers

Define distillation.

A process that separates substances in a solution based on boiling points. Signup and view all the answers

What is recrystallization?

A method to purify chemicals by dissolving impurities and the desired compound. Signup and view all the answers

Define chromatography.

A technique for separating components of a mixture based on their travel tendency. Signup and view all the answers

What is centrifugation?

A method that separates components by density using high-speed spinning. Signup and view all the answers

At the end of a distillation, which compound remains in the flask?

The one with the higher boiling point. Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of aldehydes?

300 °C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of carboxylic acids?

170 °C. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the boiling and melting points of alkanes and alkenes.

They have low boiling and melting points. Signup and view all the answers

Due to hydrogen bonding, alcohols and carboxylic acids have _ melting/boiling points than aldehydes and ketones and can function as organic weak _.

higher; acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential energy (PE) formula for a mass of 10 kg dropped from a height of 20 m?

PE = mgh. Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the potential energy for a 10 kg mass dropped from a height of 20 m.

PE = 10 kg * 10 m/s² * 20 m = 2000 J. Signup and view all the answers

What is the kinetic energy formula?

KE = 1/2(m)v². Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the maximum speed achieved by a mass of 10 kg dropped from a height of 20 m ignoring air resistance.

v = sqrt(400) = 20 m/s. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereocenter?

A carbon atom bonded to four different substituents. Signup and view all the answers

What dictates the preferred ion configuration of many elements?

The tendency of elements to gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for torque?

τ = F∙d∙sin(θ). Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of sin 90°?

<ol> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

For a force of 98 N and a torque of 13 Nm, what is the distance from which the force was applied?

r = 0.133 m or 133 mm. Signup and view all the answers

What unit is torque measured in?

Nm (Newtons * meters). Signup and view all the answers

How many mm are in 1 meter?

<ol start="1000"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What causes torque?

Force applied to a lever arm at a certain distance from a fulcrum. Signup and view all the answers

What are three ways to increase the torque applied to an object?

(1) Increasing the force, (2) increasing the distance from the fulcrum, and (3) making the force perpendicular to the lever arm. Signup and view all the answers

Define velocity.

Distance divided by time (m/s). Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the force experienced by a 90-kg man undergoing a turning acceleration of 5 m/s².

990 N. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phase Diagram

Represents the conditions under which a substance exists as solid, liquid, or vapor.
Line separating solid and liquid phases typically has a positive slope for most substances, indicating that increasing pressure can convert liquid to solid.
Unique feature of water: the line between solid and liquid phases slopes negatively, as solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

Social facilitation leads to stronger performance on simple tasks when in the presence of others.
Bystander effect describes the decreased likelihood of an individual offering help when others are present.
Factors leading to the bystander effect include reduced awareness of danger, taking cues from others, and a perceived decrease in personal responsibility.

Group Dynamics

Deindividuation involves individuals losing their identity within a group.
Social loafing is when individuals exert less effort toward a common goal in a group than they would alone.
Group polarization denotes the tendency for group discussions to enhance prevailing attitudes, potentially leading to extreme positions.

Conformity and Compliance

Conformity occurs when an individual's beliefs or behaviors align with others'.
Compliance refers to conforming publicly while privately dissenting.
The Asch Experiment illustrated conformity, showing individuals often choose group consensus over their judgment.

Tactics of Compliance

Foot-in-the-door technique involves securing a small commitment followed by a larger request.
Door-in-the-face technique starts with a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.
The low-ball technique quotes a low price before adding additional costs once agreement is reached.

Obedience and Authority

Obedience is changing behavior in response to an authority figure's command.
The Milgram Experiment highlighted people's willingness to obey authority, even to the extent of causing pain to others.

Social norms are the rules that govern behavior in society.
Deviance occurs when individuals do not follow these norms.
Formal norms are explicitly written with clear penalties; informal norms are understood but not formally enforced.

Deviance Theories

Differential association theory suggests deviance is learned from exposure to deviant acts.
Labeling theory focuses on how being labeled as deviant influences behavior.
Strain theory posits that social and economic pressures can lead to deviant behaviors.

Socialization

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn norms via interactions with family, education, media, peers, and workplaces.
Fads represent temporary behaviors that rapidly gain and lose popularity.

Biological Processes

Colligative properties depend on solute concentrations rather than solute identity, impacting vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) does not diffuse through phospholipid bilayers; water, however, can move through aquaporins.

Chemical Concepts

Molar mass of elements is noted at the bottom of the periodic table in grams/mol.
A mole is defined as 6.02 × 10²³ items depending on a context, like molecules.

Physical Science Principles

Torque is calculated using τ = F∙d∙sin(θ), where F is the force, d is the lever arm's length, and θ is the angle.
Force during a turning acceleration must consider both vertical weight and horizontal acceleration effects, creating a right triangle for resultant force calculations.

Distillation and Separation Techniques

Melting and boiling points of compounds vary based on their hydrogen bonding capabilities.
Distillation separates substances based on boiling points, while recrystallization purifies by dissolving impurities in solvent.
Chromatography separates mixture components based on affinity to the medium.

Solutions and Concentrations

Molarity is expressed as mol/L, while solutions can be measured in various molar concentrations (millimolar, micromolar, nanomolar).
Hypertonic solutions cause cells to lose water; hypotonic solutions lead to cell bursting due to water influx.

Energy and Motion in Physics

Potential energy (PE) equals gravitational potential energy (mgh), while kinetic energy (KE) is expressed as ½ mv².
A dropping object’s max speed can be found by equating potential and kinetic energy laws.

Titration

The equivalence point in titration is represented by a vertical line on a graph, indicating a balanced reactant ratio.

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Description

Test your understanding of phase diagrams with this MCAT 2023 flashcard. Learn about the conditions under which substances exist in solid, liquid, and vapor states. This quiz will help you grasp key concepts essential for your MCAT preparation.