Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?
Which of these are components of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are components of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)
What is the main component of the extracellular matrix that provides tensile strength?
What is the main component of the extracellular matrix that provides tensile strength?
What is the chemical formula for Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide?
What is the chemical formula for Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are general bone markings? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are general bone markings? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Which bone type is typically longer than it is wide, and contains mostly compact bone?
Which bone type is typically longer than it is wide, and contains mostly compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are the parts of an osteon? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are the parts of an osteon? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of Red Bone Marrow?
What is the main function of Red Bone Marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
Spongy bone is found in the interior of bones, protected by compact bone.
Spongy bone is found in the interior of bones, protected by compact bone.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main types of bone formation?
What are the two main types of bone formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these correctly describes the process of intramembranous ossification?
Which of these correctly describes the process of intramembranous ossification?
Signup and view all the answers
During intramembranous ossification, what happens to the connective tissue associated with the blood vessels in the trabeculae?
During intramembranous ossification, what happens to the connective tissue associated with the blood vessels in the trabeculae?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the central structure that is responsible for bone growth in length?
What is the central structure that is responsible for bone growth in length?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four zones of an epiphyseal plate?
What are the four zones of an epiphyseal plate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is NOT a factor that affects bone healing time?
Which of these is NOT a factor that affects bone healing time?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fracture is characterized by microscopic fissures without visible bone breakage?
What type of fracture is characterized by microscopic fissures without visible bone breakage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first stage of bone fracture repair?
What is the first stage of bone fracture repair?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct order for the phases of bone fracture repair?
What is the correct order for the phases of bone fracture repair?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of fracture is characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin?
Which type of fracture is characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are factors affecting bone remodeling rate? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are factors affecting bone remodeling rate? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these hormones is NOT involved in bone growth and remodeling?
Which of these hormones is NOT involved in bone growth and remodeling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of estrogen in bone remodeling?
What is the primary role of estrogen in bone remodeling?
Signup and view all the answers
Moderate weight-bearing exercise is essential for maintaining bone density.
Moderate weight-bearing exercise is essential for maintaining bone density.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Skeletal System Anatomy and Physiology
- The skeletal system's main functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.
- It provides a framework for the body, stabilization to tissues, and safeguards vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.
- It acts as levers for muscular action, enabling movement.
- Hemopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs in red bone marrow.
- Bones serve as a reservoir for minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and fats.
Components of the Skeletal System
- Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints are integral components.
- The extracellular matrix consists of proteins and minerals.
- Collagen, a tough protein, contributes to tensile strength.
- Hydroxyapatite is the mineralized concrete, providing compression strength.
- Proteoglycans trap water, helping to maintain flexibility and resilience.
Bone Structure
- The diaphysis is the shaft, primarily made of compact bone.
- The epiphysis are the ends, mostly spongy bone.
- The metaphysis lies between diaphysis and epiphysis; contains a growth plate (epiphyseal plate).
- Articular cartilage covers the epiphyses for friction reduction at joints.
- Periosteum is a fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis. Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers) secure the periosteum to the bone's underlying layers.
- The medullary cavity houses marrow (yellow fat in adults, red for blood cell formation).
- Endosteum lines the medullary cavity and internal spongy bone spaces.
Classification of Bones
- Long bones are longer than wide, with a shaft and heads at both ends (e.g., femur, humerus). Mostly compact bone.
- Short bones are cube-shaped, primarily spongy bone (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
- Flat bones are thin and flattened, often curved with layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).
- Irregular bones have an irregular shape, not fitting other categories (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones).
- Sesamoid bones are small, pea-shaped bones within tendons (e.g., patella).
- Sutural bones are located between flat bones of the skull (e.g., wormian bones).
Bone Markings
- Bone markings are not smooth, showing areas for muscle, tendon, ligament attachment, and passage of nerves and blood vessels.
- Three general types: articulations (where bones meet), projections (protruding parts), and holes (openings and grooves).
Bone Histology
- Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells housed in lacunae.
- Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells.
- Compact bone is dense, with osteons containing Haversian canals and concentric lamellae.
- Spongy bone has trabeculae, providing structure and support. Red bone marrow is found within these trabeculae.
- Connective tissue precursor cells, areosteoprogenitor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that secrete the extracellular matrix that makes bone.
Bone Ossification
- Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchyme.
- Step-by-step process of ossification center formation, calcification, trabeculae formation.
- Endochondral ossification replaces hyaline cartilage with bone, forming most bones, particularly long bones.
- The process involves the formation of the cartilage model (future diaphysis), primary ossification center formation, medullary cavity development, secondary ossification centers, articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation.
Bone Growth
- Growth in length is due to interstitial growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate, and endochondral ossification on the diaphysis side. This epiphyseal plate is made up of resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, and calcified cartilage zones.
- Growth in thickness (appositional growth) is via bone ridges formation, tunnel creation, new osteon formation, increase in bone thickness, and medullary cavity enlargement.
Bone Remodeling
- Bone remodeling is a continuous process of replacing old bone tissue with new bone.
- Key processes include bone resorption (osteoclasts) and bone deposition (osteoblasts).
- Factors influence bone remodeling rate, and different bones have different remodeling rates.
Bone Fracture Repair
- Fracture repair phases: reactive, reparative (fibrocartilaginous callus and bony callus), and remodeling.
- Types of fractures: open (compound), comminuted, greenstick, impacted, Colles, Pott
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
- Minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese) and vitamins (A, C, D, K, B12), hormones (insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones), and exercise influence bone health and remodeling rates.
- Note that sex hormones, particularly estrogen and androgens, play crucial roles in bone growth and development.
Common Fractures
- Different fractures have specific characteristics and classifications based on severity, position, and shape. Knowledge of these can help determine the optimal treatment plan.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
