MBBS Block 2: Pneumonia Classification and Pathogenesis
90 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of early red hepatization?

  • Fibrin nets have formed
  • Fibroblasts are absent
  • Congested septal capillaries and numerous intra-alveolar neutrophils (correct)
  • The exudates have been converted to fibromyxoid masses
  • What type of bacteria may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Escherichia coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus (correct)
  • During which stage of pneumonia are fibrin nets formed?

  • Early organization of intra-alveolar exudate (correct)
  • Early red hepatization
  • Advanced organizing pneumonia
  • Acute pneumonia
  • What is the primary result of pneumonia in the lungs?

    <p>Solidification of lung part(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of aetiological agent of pneumonia?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed in advanced organizing pneumonia?

    <p>Fibromyxoid masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Anatomical pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of early organization of intra-alveolar exudate?

    <p>The exudate is seen streaming through the pores of Kohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is present in fibromyxoid masses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?

    <p>Primary pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of pneumonia caused by some virulent bacteria?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the stage of pneumonia characterized by congested septal capillaries and numerous intra-alveolar neutrophils?

    <p>Early red hepatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of viral pneumonia?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of pneumonia based on the anatomical pattern of involvement?

    <p>Lobar and bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacterium that is an example of a bacterium that may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solidification of lung tissue?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sputum in lobar pneumonia?

    <p>It is purulent and may contain flecks of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of acute pleuritic chest pain in lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Inflammation of the pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the congestion stage in lobar pneumonia?

    <p>About 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lung during the red hepatisation stage?

    <p>It is red and airless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the grey hepatisation stage?

    <p>Destruction of white cells and red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lung during the resolution stage?

    <p>It is normal and functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the resolution stage in untreated cases?

    <p>About 8-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chest sign that reflects inflammation of the pleura?

    <p>Pleural friction rub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the patches of consolidation shown in the image?

    <p>Patches of consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?

    <p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial infection is more likely to result in abscess formation?

    <p>Klebsiella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?

    <p>Bacterial dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia on a chest X-ray?

    <p>Patchy bronchovascular thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?

    <p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?

    <p>Bacterial dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Patches of consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>An acute febrile respiratory disease that manifests with patchy inflammatory changes confined to alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Influenza virus type A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative organism of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?

    <p>Exogenous lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?

    <p>Aspirating fluid or food into the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to airway obstruction?

    <p>Distal collections of foamy macrophages and giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-infective pneumonia?

    <p>Cryptogenic organising pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Patchy distribution, centred on inflamed bronchioles and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical radiographic appearance of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Dense consolidation of one lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common age group affected by bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria may cause bronchopneumonia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical distribution of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Uniform consolidation of one lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is characterized by a uniform consolidation of one lobe?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Distribution of lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to affect previously healthy individuals?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical distribution of lesions in bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Basal area, due to secretions gravitating into lower lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is commonly associated with lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Pneumococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Focal inflammation centred on the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Purulent, non-haemorrhagic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acute pneumonia?

    <p>S.pneumoniae (the pneumococcus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more severe?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical immune status of individuals affected by bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Immunosuppressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bacterial pneumonia?

    <p>Predominantly intra-alveolar neutrophilic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Diffuse inflammation affecting the entire lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of viral pneumonia?

    <p>Interstitial lymphocytic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of pneumonia?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pneumonia?

    <p>Collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma distal to terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of pneumonia that results from tissue destruction?

    <p>Abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seen on a chest X-ray in bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Patchy bronchovascular thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?

    <p>Bacterial dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?

    <p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia is characterized by patchy consolidation on a chest X-ray?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?

    <p>Bacterial dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Patchy inflammatory changes confined to the alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of lipid pneumonia?

    <p>Pneumonia caused by aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?

    <p>Cryptogenic organising pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Influenza virus type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?

    <p>Aspiration of food or fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lobar pneumonia cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that can compromise pulmonary defense mechanisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Patchy, diffuse, and scattered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age group affected by lobar pneumonia?

    <p>20-50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an elderly person?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common factor that can impair the host's immunity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia in terms of affected segments?

    <p>Affects anatomically delineated segments or the entirety of a lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?

    <p>Lipid pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition and Classification of Pneumonia

    • Pneumonia is defined as a collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma distal to terminal bronchioles, resulting in consolidation (solidification) of lung part(s).
    • Classification of pneumonia can be based on anatomical pattern, clinical circumstances, and aetiological agents.
    • Anatomical pattern classification includes bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia.
    • Clinical circumstance classification includes primary and secondary pneumonia.
    • Aetiological agent classification includes bacterial, viral, and fungal pneumonia.

    Clinical Features of Pneumonia

    • Symptoms include cough, fever, production of sputum, and occasional hemoptysis.
    • Fever can be very high (over 40°C), with rigors (shaking chills).
    • Acute pleuritic chest pain on deep inspiration reflects inflammation of the pleura (pleurisy).
    • Signs include dullness to percussion, bronchial breathing, and pleural friction rub.

    Morphological Changes in Lobar Pneumonia

    • Congestion: the first stage, lasting about 24 hours, with protein-rich exudate and venous congestion.
    • Red hepatisation: the second stage, lasting a few days, with massive accumulation of polymorphs, lymphocytes, and macrophages in alveolar spaces.
    • Grey hepatisation: the third stage, lasting a few days, with further accumulation of fibrin, destruction of white cells and red cells.
    • Resolution: the fourth stage, occurring at about 8–10 days in untreated cases, with resorption of exudate and enzymatic digestion of inflammatory debris.

    Bronchopneumonia

    • Characterized by patches of consolidation.
    • Chest X-ray shows patchy bronchovascular thickening.

    Complications of Pneumonia

    • Abscess formation: results from tissue destruction, more common in Klebsiella or type III Pneumococcal infections.
    • Empyema: virulent bacterial strains induce suppuration in the pleural cavity.
    • Fibrosis: organization of intra-alveolar exudate may convert affected lung into solid fibrous tissue.
    • Bacterial dissemination: dissemination of bacteria may lead to endocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, suppurative arthritis, and formation of metastatic abscesses in various organs.

    Atypical Pneumonia

    • Defined as an acute febrile respiratory disease with patchy inflammatory changes confined to alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium.
    • Causative organisms include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenovirus, rhinovirus, rubeola, varicella virus, Chlamydia, and Coxiella burnetii.

    Non-Infective Pneumonias

    • Cryptogenic organising pneumonia.
    • Aspiration pneumonia: when fluid or food is aspirated into the lung.
    • Lipid pneumonia: endogenous (associated with airway obstruction) and exogenous (due to aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid).

    Lobar Pneumonia

    • Affects anatomically delineated segment(s) or the entirety of a lobe or lung
    • Relatively uncommon in infancy and old age
    • Affects males more than females
    • 90% due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
    • Pneumococcal pneumonia typically affects otherwise healthy adults between 20 and 50 years of age
    • Lobar pneumonia caused by Klebsiella typically affects the elderly, diabetics, or alcoholics

    Bronchopneumonia

    • Patchy consolidation of multiple lobes (bilateral)
    • Often several lobes or bilateral
    • Characterized by focal inflammation centered on the airways
    • Typically occurs in old age, infancy, and patients with debilitating diseases
    • Common causes include staphylococci, streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae
    • Pleural exudate is common

    Pathogenesis of Pneumonia

    • Occurs when defense mechanisms of the respiratory system are impaired or host immunity is low
    • Pulmonary defense mechanisms may be compromised by factors such as:
      • Loss or suppression of the cough reflex
      • Dysfunction of the mucociliary apparatus
      • Accumulation of secretions in conditions such as cystic fibrosis and bronchial obstruction
      • Interference with the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of alveolar macrophages
      • Pulmonary congestion and edema

    Complications of Pneumonia

    • Abscess formation
    • Empyema
    • Fibrosis
    • Bacterial dissemination leading to endocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, suppurative arthritis, and formation of metastatic abscesses in various organs

    Atypical Pneumonia

    • Defined as an acute febrile respiratory disease with patchy inflammatory changes confined to the alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium
    • Caused by organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenovirus, rhinovirus, rubeola, and varicella virus, Chlamydia, and Coxiella burnetii

    Non-Infective Pneumonias

    • Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
    • Aspiration pneumonia
    • Lipid pneumonia
    • Pneumocystis jiroveci, Mycoplasma, Aspiration, lipid, eosinophilic

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pneumonia PDF

    Description

    Identify and describe the different types of pneumonia, including lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, and their clinicopathological features. Learn about the pathogenesis and morphology of pneumonia.

    More Like This

    Pneumonia Classification and Causes
    5 questions

    Pneumonia Classification and Causes

    CharismaticBarbizonSchool avatar
    CharismaticBarbizonSchool
    Pneumonia Classification and Types
    12 questions

    Pneumonia Classification and Types

    WorldFamousSwaneeWhistle avatar
    WorldFamousSwaneeWhistle
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser