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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of early red hepatization?
What is a characteristic of early red hepatization?
- Fibrin nets have formed
- Fibroblasts are absent
- Congested septal capillaries and numerous intra-alveolar neutrophils (correct)
- The exudates have been converted to fibromyxoid masses
What type of bacteria may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?
What type of bacteria may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus aureus (correct)
During which stage of pneumonia are fibrin nets formed?
During which stage of pneumonia are fibrin nets formed?
- Early organization of intra-alveolar exudate (correct)
- Early red hepatization
- Advanced organizing pneumonia
- Acute pneumonia
What is the primary result of pneumonia in the lungs?
What is the primary result of pneumonia in the lungs?
Which of the following is an example of aetiological agent of pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of aetiological agent of pneumonia?
What is formed in advanced organizing pneumonia?
What is formed in advanced organizing pneumonia?
What is the main difference between lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia?
What is the main difference between lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia?
What is characteristic of early organization of intra-alveolar exudate?
What is characteristic of early organization of intra-alveolar exudate?
What type of cell is present in fibromyxoid masses?
What type of cell is present in fibromyxoid masses?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?
What is the term for the collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma?
What is the term for the collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma?
What is a complication of pneumonia caused by some virulent bacteria?
What is a complication of pneumonia caused by some virulent bacteria?
What is the name of the stage of pneumonia characterized by congested septal capillaries and numerous intra-alveolar neutrophils?
What is the name of the stage of pneumonia characterized by congested septal capillaries and numerous intra-alveolar neutrophils?
Which of the following is an example of viral pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of viral pneumonia?
What is the classification of pneumonia based on the anatomical pattern of involvement?
What is the classification of pneumonia based on the anatomical pattern of involvement?
What is the name of the bacterium that is an example of a bacterium that may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?
What is the name of the bacterium that is an example of a bacterium that may lead to tissue damage and fibrosis or abscess formation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumonia?
What is the term for the solidification of lung tissue?
What is the term for the solidification of lung tissue?
What is the primary symptom of lobar pneumonia?
What is the primary symptom of lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in lobar pneumonia?
What is the cause of acute pleuritic chest pain in lobar pneumonia?
What is the cause of acute pleuritic chest pain in lobar pneumonia?
What is the duration of the congestion stage in lobar pneumonia?
What is the duration of the congestion stage in lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the lung during the red hepatisation stage?
What is the characteristic of the lung during the red hepatisation stage?
What occurs during the grey hepatisation stage?
What occurs during the grey hepatisation stage?
What is the characteristic of the lung during the resolution stage?
What is the characteristic of the lung during the resolution stage?
What is the duration of the resolution stage in untreated cases?
What is the duration of the resolution stage in untreated cases?
What is the chest sign that reflects inflammation of the pleura?
What is the chest sign that reflects inflammation of the pleura?
What is the term for the patches of consolidation shown in the image?
What is the term for the patches of consolidation shown in the image?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia?
What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?
What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?
Which type of bacterial infection is more likely to result in abscess formation?
Which type of bacterial infection is more likely to result in abscess formation?
What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?
What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?
Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia on a chest X-ray?
Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia on a chest X-ray?
What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?
What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?
Which of the following is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?
Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia?
Which of the following is a feature of bronchopneumonia?
What is the definition of atypical pneumonia?
What is the definition of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
What is the causative organism of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?
What is the causative organism of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?
What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?
What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?
Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?
What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?
What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
What is the characteristic feature of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to airway obstruction?
What is the characteristic feature of lipid pneumonia that occurs due to airway obstruction?
Which of the following is an example of a non-infective pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of a non-infective pneumonia?
What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?
What is the typical radiographic appearance of lobar pneumonia?
What is the typical radiographic appearance of lobar pneumonia?
What is the most common age group affected by bronchopneumonia?
What is the most common age group affected by bronchopneumonia?
Which type of bacteria may cause bronchopneumonia?
Which type of bacteria may cause bronchopneumonia?
What is the typical distribution of lobar pneumonia?
What is the typical distribution of lobar pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is characterized by a uniform consolidation of one lobe?
Which type of pneumonia is characterized by a uniform consolidation of one lobe?
What is the primary difference between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia?
What is the primary difference between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to affect previously healthy individuals?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to affect previously healthy individuals?
What is the typical distribution of lesions in bronchopneumonia?
What is the typical distribution of lesions in bronchopneumonia?
Which bacterium is commonly associated with lobar pneumonia?
Which bacterium is commonly associated with lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic of bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?
What is the most common cause of acute pneumonia?
What is the most common cause of acute pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is more severe?
Which type of pneumonia is more severe?
What is the typical immune status of individuals affected by bronchopneumonia?
What is the typical immune status of individuals affected by bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic of bacterial pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of bacterial pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of viral pneumonia?
What is the characteristic of viral pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of pneumonia?
What is the definition of pneumonia?
What is the definition of pneumonia?
What is a complication of pneumonia that results from tissue destruction?
What is a complication of pneumonia that results from tissue destruction?
What is seen on a chest X-ray in bronchopneumonia?
What is seen on a chest X-ray in bronchopneumonia?
What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?
What is the term for the formation of solid fibrous tissue in the lung?
What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?
What is the term for the dissemination of bacteria to other organs, leading to the formation of metastatic abscesses?
What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?
What is the term for the inflammation of the pleural cavity?
What type of pneumonia is characterized by patchy consolidation on a chest X-ray?
What type of pneumonia is characterized by patchy consolidation on a chest X-ray?
What is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?
What is a complication of pneumonia that can lead to the formation of abscesses in various organs?
What is the characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia?
What is the characteristic feature of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
What is the definition of lipid pneumonia?
What is the definition of lipid pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?
Which of the following is an example of non-infective pneumonia?
What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?
What is the location of the inflammatory changes in atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is a causative organism of atypical pneumonia?
What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?
What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?
What percentage of lobar pneumonia cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
What percentage of lobar pneumonia cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an otherwise healthy person?
What is a common factor that can compromise pulmonary defense mechanisms?
What is a common factor that can compromise pulmonary defense mechanisms?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in patients with debilitating diseases?
What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic distribution of bronchopneumonia?
What is the typical age group affected by lobar pneumonia?
What is the typical age group affected by lobar pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an elderly person?
Which type of pneumonia is more likely to occur in an elderly person?
What is the common factor that can impair the host's immunity?
What is the common factor that can impair the host's immunity?
What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia in terms of affected segments?
What is the characteristic of lobar pneumonia in terms of affected segments?
Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?
Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid?
Flashcards
What is Pneumonia?
What is Pneumonia?
An inflammation of the lung parenchyma, characterized by inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli, leading to consolidation.
What are the main causes of pneumonia?
What are the main causes of pneumonia?
The most common cause of pneumonia is bacteria, but viruses and fungi can also cause it.
What is lobar pneumonia?
What is lobar pneumonia?
A type of pneumonia that affects a whole lobe (or part) of the lung, forming a solid area.
What is bronchopneumonia?
What is bronchopneumonia?
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What is atypical pneumonia?
What is atypical pneumonia?
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What is aspiration pneumonia?
What is aspiration pneumonia?
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What can cause bacterial pneumonia?
What can cause bacterial pneumonia?
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What is lipid pneumonia?
What is lipid pneumonia?
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What are some common bacterial causes of pneumonia?
What are some common bacterial causes of pneumonia?
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What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
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What are some complications of pneumonia?
What are some complications of pneumonia?
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What happens to the alveoli in pneumonia?
What happens to the alveoli in pneumonia?
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What is the congestion stage of lobar pneumonia?
What is the congestion stage of lobar pneumonia?
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What is the red hepatization stage of lobar pneumonia?
What is the red hepatization stage of lobar pneumonia?
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What is the gray hepatization stage of lobar pneumonia?
What is the gray hepatization stage of lobar pneumonia?
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What is the resolution stage of lobar pneumonia?
What is the resolution stage of lobar pneumonia?
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What happens if pneumonia doesn't resolve?
What happens if pneumonia doesn't resolve?
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What is a key characteristic of bronchopneumonia?
What is a key characteristic of bronchopneumonia?
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Who is most at risk for bronchopneumonia?
Who is most at risk for bronchopneumonia?
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What are some bacterial causes of bronchopneumonia?
What are some bacterial causes of bronchopneumonia?
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What is a common feature of bronchopneumonia?
What is a common feature of bronchopneumonia?
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What are infective pneumonias?
What are infective pneumonias?
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What are non-infective pneumonias?
What are non-infective pneumonias?
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What is aspiration pneumonia?
What is aspiration pneumonia?
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How does pneumonia affect the alveoli?
How does pneumonia affect the alveoli?
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What is lipid pneumonia?
What is lipid pneumonia?
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What happens to the lungs in patients with cystic fibrosis?
What happens to the lungs in patients with cystic fibrosis?
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What complications can arise from pneumonia?
What complications can arise from pneumonia?
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Study Notes
Definition and Classification of Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is defined as a collection of inflammatory exudate in lung parenchyma distal to terminal bronchioles, resulting in consolidation (solidification) of lung part(s).
- Classification of pneumonia can be based on anatomical pattern, clinical circumstances, and aetiological agents.
- Anatomical pattern classification includes bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia.
- Clinical circumstance classification includes primary and secondary pneumonia.
- Aetiological agent classification includes bacterial, viral, and fungal pneumonia.
Clinical Features of Pneumonia
- Symptoms include cough, fever, production of sputum, and occasional hemoptysis.
- Fever can be very high (over 40°C), with rigors (shaking chills).
- Acute pleuritic chest pain on deep inspiration reflects inflammation of the pleura (pleurisy).
- Signs include dullness to percussion, bronchial breathing, and pleural friction rub.
Morphological Changes in Lobar Pneumonia
- Congestion: the first stage, lasting about 24 hours, with protein-rich exudate and venous congestion.
- Red hepatisation: the second stage, lasting a few days, with massive accumulation of polymorphs, lymphocytes, and macrophages in alveolar spaces.
- Grey hepatisation: the third stage, lasting a few days, with further accumulation of fibrin, destruction of white cells and red cells.
- Resolution: the fourth stage, occurring at about 8–10 days in untreated cases, with resorption of exudate and enzymatic digestion of inflammatory debris.
Bronchopneumonia
- Characterized by patches of consolidation.
- Chest X-ray shows patchy bronchovascular thickening.
Complications of Pneumonia
- Abscess formation: results from tissue destruction, more common in Klebsiella or type III Pneumococcal infections.
- Empyema: virulent bacterial strains induce suppuration in the pleural cavity.
- Fibrosis: organization of intra-alveolar exudate may convert affected lung into solid fibrous tissue.
- Bacterial dissemination: dissemination of bacteria may lead to endocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, suppurative arthritis, and formation of metastatic abscesses in various organs.
Atypical Pneumonia
- Defined as an acute febrile respiratory disease with patchy inflammatory changes confined to alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium.
- Causative organisms include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenovirus, rhinovirus, rubeola, varicella virus, Chlamydia, and Coxiella burnetii.
Non-Infective Pneumonias
- Cryptogenic organising pneumonia.
- Aspiration pneumonia: when fluid or food is aspirated into the lung.
- Lipid pneumonia: endogenous (associated with airway obstruction) and exogenous (due to aspiration of material containing a high concentration of lipid).
Lobar Pneumonia
- Affects anatomically delineated segment(s) or the entirety of a lobe or lung
- Relatively uncommon in infancy and old age
- Affects males more than females
- 90% due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
- Pneumococcal pneumonia typically affects otherwise healthy adults between 20 and 50 years of age
- Lobar pneumonia caused by Klebsiella typically affects the elderly, diabetics, or alcoholics
Bronchopneumonia
- Patchy consolidation of multiple lobes (bilateral)
- Often several lobes or bilateral
- Characterized by focal inflammation centered on the airways
- Typically occurs in old age, infancy, and patients with debilitating diseases
- Common causes include staphylococci, streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae
- Pleural exudate is common
Pathogenesis of Pneumonia
- Occurs when defense mechanisms of the respiratory system are impaired or host immunity is low
- Pulmonary defense mechanisms may be compromised by factors such as:
- Loss or suppression of the cough reflex
- Dysfunction of the mucociliary apparatus
- Accumulation of secretions in conditions such as cystic fibrosis and bronchial obstruction
- Interference with the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of alveolar macrophages
- Pulmonary congestion and edema
Complications of Pneumonia
- Abscess formation
- Empyema
- Fibrosis
- Bacterial dissemination leading to endocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, suppurative arthritis, and formation of metastatic abscesses in various organs
Atypical Pneumonia
- Defined as an acute febrile respiratory disease with patchy inflammatory changes confined to the alveolar space and pulmonary interstitium
- Caused by organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial viruses, adenovirus, rhinovirus, rubeola, and varicella virus, Chlamydia, and Coxiella burnetii
Non-Infective Pneumonias
- Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Lipid pneumonia
- Pneumocystis jiroveci, Mycoplasma, Aspiration, lipid, eosinophilic
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Description
Identify and describe the different types of pneumonia, including lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, and their clinicopathological features. Learn about the pathogenesis and morphology of pneumonia.
