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Questions and Answers
Which temple features massive stone faces symbolizing compassion and enlightenment?
Which temple features massive stone faces symbolizing compassion and enlightenment?
Buddhism had no significant influence on Cambodia's architecture.
Buddhism had no significant influence on Cambodia's architecture.
False
What is the main deity associated with Angkor Wat?
What is the main deity associated with Angkor Wat?
Vishnu
The Cham people in Cambodia practice __________.
The Cham people in Cambodia practice __________.
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Match the following temples to their associated deities:
Match the following temples to their associated deities:
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What factor primarily demonstrated the wealth and stability of the Khmer rulers?
What factor primarily demonstrated the wealth and stability of the Khmer rulers?
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Christianity was introduced to Cambodia during the French colonial period.
Christianity was introduced to Cambodia during the French colonial period.
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What is the significance of the central towers of Angkor Wat?
What is the significance of the central towers of Angkor Wat?
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Which period is known for the introduction of Hinduism into Cambodia?
Which period is known for the introduction of Hinduism into Cambodia?
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The Angkor Kingdom was founded by King Jayavarman I.
The Angkor Kingdom was founded by King Jayavarman I.
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What significant event occurred during the 1st Century A.D. related to the Khmer people?
What significant event occurred during the 1st Century A.D. related to the Khmer people?
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The __________ Period lasted from the 2nd to the 6th Century A.D.
The __________ Period lasted from the 2nd to the 6th Century A.D.
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Match the following periods with their key characteristics:
Match the following periods with their key characteristics:
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Which empire gained independence from Funan during the 7th - 8th centuries?
Which empire gained independence from Funan during the 7th - 8th centuries?
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The Khmer people were among the last to adopt religions and political ideas from India.
The Khmer people were among the last to adopt religions and political ideas from India.
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Which king is associated with the founding of the unified Angkor Kingdom?
Which king is associated with the founding of the unified Angkor Kingdom?
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What distinctive feature is NOT mentioned as part of the Khmer temple design?
What distinctive feature is NOT mentioned as part of the Khmer temple design?
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The gabled rectangular plan was prevalent during the Kulen period.
The gabled rectangular plan was prevalent during the Kulen period.
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What is the primary function of the cruciform gallery at Angkor Wat?
What is the primary function of the cruciform gallery at Angkor Wat?
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Niches take the place of the false doors on the succeeding ______.
Niches take the place of the false doors on the succeeding ______.
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What material was primarily used in the construction of Angkor Thom?
What material was primarily used in the construction of Angkor Thom?
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Where does the door of the principal body of the shrine open?
Where does the door of the principal body of the shrine open?
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Angkor Wat is the largest religious monument in the world.
Angkor Wat is the largest religious monument in the world.
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Who built Angkor Thom?
Who built Angkor Thom?
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The ceiling that originally covered the corbelled vault was made of stone.
The ceiling that originally covered the corbelled vault was made of stone.
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What are the niches in the principal body of the Khmer temple used for?
What are the niches in the principal body of the Khmer temple used for?
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The Bayon Temple consists of 54 large and small towers, each adorned with a sculpture of the face of __________.
The Bayon Temple consists of 54 large and small towers, each adorned with a sculpture of the face of __________.
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Match the following Khmer temple features to their descriptions:
Match the following Khmer temple features to their descriptions:
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Match the following features with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following features with their corresponding descriptions:
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How many entrances does Angkor Thom have?
How many entrances does Angkor Thom have?
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The South Gate of Angkor Thom features four giant faces carved into the stone.
The South Gate of Angkor Thom features four giant faces carved into the stone.
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What is the most outstanding visual feature of the Bayon Temple?
What is the most outstanding visual feature of the Bayon Temple?
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Which creature is NOT mentioned as one of the stone gargoyles in the chapel?
Which creature is NOT mentioned as one of the stone gargoyles in the chapel?
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The diameter of the central pond's island is 20 meters.
The diameter of the central pond's island is 20 meters.
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What does 'Phnom Bakheng' translate to in English?
What does 'Phnom Bakheng' translate to in English?
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Beng Mealea is enclosed by a massive moat measuring _____ by _____ meters.
Beng Mealea is enclosed by a massive moat measuring _____ by _____ meters.
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Which of the following influences the distinct nature of Cambodian architecture?
Which of the following influences the distinct nature of Cambodian architecture?
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Match the following temples with their notable features:
Match the following temples with their notable features:
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Angkor Wat is the only well-known temple in Cambodia.
Angkor Wat is the only well-known temple in Cambodia.
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Which temple is known as the 'Temple of Lotus Pond'?
Which temple is known as the 'Temple of Lotus Pond'?
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East Mebon was built by King Khmer I.
East Mebon was built by King Khmer I.
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Name one primary characteristic of Cambodian architecture.
Name one primary characteristic of Cambodian architecture.
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Cambodian architecture reflects a fusion of ancient traditions and __________.
Cambodian architecture reflects a fusion of ancient traditions and __________.
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What period's workmanship standards are reflected in the central shrine of Bakheng Temple?
What period's workmanship standards are reflected in the central shrine of Bakheng Temple?
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What is a major architectural feature of Cambodian design?
What is a major architectural feature of Cambodian design?
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Colonial architecture has no impact on modern Cambodian buildings.
Colonial architecture has no impact on modern Cambodian buildings.
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What are the notable types of structures in Cambodian architecture?
What are the notable types of structures in Cambodian architecture?
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Match the following elements with their descriptions:
Match the following elements with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Cambodian Architecture
- Cambodian architecture is a unique blend of ancient traditions and modern influences.
- It reflects the country's rich history and cultural evolution.
- Examples range from monumental Angkor temples like Angkor Wat to colonial-era buildings in Phnom Penh.
Objectives
- By the end of the lesson, students should understand architectural influences.
- Students are expected to know the character of the architectural design.
- The lesson will cover architectural temples and palaces.
Introduction
- Cambodian architecture is characterized by intricate craftsmanship, spiritual symbolism, and diverse regional styles.
- This architectural heritage tells the story of Cambodia's past, while continuing to shape its present and future.
Architectural Influences
- Historical: This section discusses the historical context of Cambodia's architecture.
- Geographical: This section discusses geographical features of Cambodia and its influences on architecture .
- Geological: This section discusses the types of local materials available used in construction.
- Climatic: This section discusses the types of materials used to withstand the climate in the area.
- Religious: This section will discuss the role of religion.
- Social and Political: This section will discuss the social and political influences, such as the division of the country and the Khmer Empire
- Cultural: This section will detail cultural influences on the architectural style of Cambodia.
- Hindu Influences: This section will discuss the impacts of Hinduism on architecture, particularly in the Angkor period.
- The Shift to Buddhism: This section will explain the transition from Hindu influence to Buddhism and their impacts on architecture.
Prehistory
- Evidence of pots dating back to 4200 BCE.
- Stable, organized societies with languages similar to modern Khmer by 1st century CE.
- Early Khmer people adopted religions and political ideas from India.
Funanese Period
- Early Indo-China consisted of many small states.
- Funan was a major sea port in Cambodia.
- Funan had a major role in transmitting culture, including the introduction of Hinduism.
Chenla Period
- Another state that existed during the Funanese period in Cambodia.
- Gained independence and conquered Funan.
- Divided into Land Chenla and Water Chenla after the death of the King Jayavarman I.
Angkorian Era
- King Jayavarman II unified Angkor Kingdom and founded Phnom Kulen.
- Angkor Wat, a devotion to Vishnu, was built.
- Jayavarman VII ruled during this era too.
- Theravada Buddhism was introduced by monks from Sri Lanka, becoming the prominent religion.
Dark Ages of Khmer Kingdom
- After the death of King Jayavarman VII, the empire declined significantly.
- Khmer kingdom lost control of its peripheries.
- Involved in struggles between Annam/Champa (Vietnam) and Siam (Thailand).
French Colonial Period
- In 1863, King Norodom signed a treaty with France to establish a protectorate.
- Cambodia became a colony of France in the 19th and 20th centuries.
- World War II occurred during the French colonial era, with the Japanese occupation from (1941-1945).
- Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953.
Khmer Rouge
- Pol Pot, leader of Khmer Rouge, a member of the French Communist Party, ruled Cambodia from 1975.
- Under Pol Pot's reign, there were attempts at agricultural reform.
- This led to famine, disease, and the deaths of 2.1 million people (21% of the population).
Uneasy Peace
- Vietnamese troops withdrew from Cambodia in 1989, and the country was renamed as "State of Cambodia."
- The monarchy was restored in 1993, and the country is now known as "Kingdom of Cambodia."
- Pol Pot died in 1998.
- Khmer Rouge leaders were tried in 2005 and punished.
Geographical Influence
- Cambodia's main features: Low-lying central plain, lower Mekong River flood-plains, and the Bassac river plain, surrounded by mountain ranges.
- Central lowlands extend into Vietnam and Southwestern Cambodia, with 443-km coast.
- Highest peak is Phnom Aural (1,810 meters).
- Mekong River bisects the landmass, predominantly calm and navigable.
- Mekong waters disperse into surrounding wetlands, influencing the seasonal nature of the Tonle Sap.
Geological Influences
- Available materials: Brick, sandstone, laterite, and wood; though wood has largely decayed.
- Sandstone allowed for intricate carving.
- Durable red stone, laterite, used for foundations, and walls.
- Wood for structural elements like beams and decorative accents.
Climatic Influences
- Cambodia's tropical climate (high temperatures, heavy rains, and high humidity):
- Led to the design of thick walls and small windows to keep interiors cool.
- Required steeply sloped roofs and durable materials like laterite and sandstone to withstand water damage.
- High humidity made wood less suitable for long-lasting structures.
Wet Season
- Dominated by the southwest monsoon.
- Heavy rains and high humidity.
- Temperatures reach from 24°C to 30°C (75°F to 86°F).
- Seasonal flooding affected architectural features.
Dry Season
- Controlled by the northeast monsoon.
- Dry, hot weather with little rain.
- Peak temperatures can exceed 35°C (95°F).
- Dry conditions led to the use of thick walls and small windows for coolness.
Religious Influences
- Khmer Empire adopted Hinduism and later Buddhism.
- Temples oriented toward honoring religious devotion.
- Representations of Hindu deities (Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma) in temples.
- Architectural layouts, bas-reliefs, and sculptures depicting religious scenes.
Buddhism
- Mahayana Buddhism, under King Jayavarman VII (12th century), shaped Cambodia’s architecture.
- Temples like Bayon, featuring massive stone faces, symbolizing compassion and enlightenment, are prominent examples.
Hinduism
- Hinduism influenced much of the Angkor period.
- Temples like Angkor Wat were dedicated in honor of Vishnu.
- Cosmic symbolism is evident in the central towers.
- Ramayana bas-reliefs.
Other Religions in Cambodia
- Islam: Practiced by the Cham people, a minority group in Cambodia, mainly Sunni Muslims, arrived through trade and cultural exchange.
- Christianity: Arrived during French colonial period, with varying denominations.
- Animism: Many Cambodians still follow animist beliefs, including ancestor worship and rituals related to local deities, forests, and rivers.
Social and Political Influences
- Immense resources needed to build temples demonstrated Khmer rulers' wealth and stability.
- Angkor Wat's construction over a 30 year period required thousands of workers and artisans.
- Reflects political dominance in Southeast Asia.
- Division into regions like Funan and Chenla.
- Khmer Empire unified the region under one ruler in the 9th century.
Cultural Influences
- Khmer architecture showcased the sophistication of Khmer culture.
- Carvings, sculptures, temple layouts depicted religion, mythology, royalty, and daily life.
- Enduring cultural legacy that established Cambodia as an advanced civilization.
Art and Architecture
- Khmer architecture demonstrates sophistication in carvings and sculptures in stone, temple layouts, and symbolic use of space.
- Intricate details, symbolic layouts of temples, and representations of religion and mythology were used in design.
Angkor Wat
- Massive temple complex built in the early 12th century by King Suryavarman II.
- Largest religious monument in the world.
- Depicts the Hindu Universe.
- Central tower symbolizes Mt. Meru (center of the universe).
Canals and Barays
- Massive reservoirs (barays) and intricate canals helped regulate water for agriculture.
- Necessary for a region dependent on seasonal rainfall.
Hinduism
- Early Khmer architecture heavily influenced by Hinduism.
- Hinduism became the predominant religion, strongly impacting temple design.
The Shift to Buddhism
- Khmer King Jayavarman VII converted to Buddhism in the 12th century.
- While temples were initially dedicated to Hindu Gods, these layouts were repurposed as Buddhist structures
Architectural Character
- Materials: This section will discuss the materials and their uses in Khmer architecture.
- Structures: This section will discuss different temple and palace structures, including specific sites like Angkor Wat and Phnom Bakheng, detailing how different structures are related to earlier ones.
- Elements: This section will discuss unique elements found in Khmer architecture.
- Pre-Khmer architecture: This will cover the specifics of architecture from the periods and sites before Angkorian architecture.
- Classic Khmer Architecture: This will detail specific designs and structures from the classic Khmer architecture period.
- Distinctive Features of Khmer Temple Design: This section will discuss significant features.
- Motifs: This section will cover specific symbolic decorative elements.
Materials
- Angkorian builders: Utilized brick, sandstone, laterite, and wood.
- Wooden elements decayed over time.
- Cambodian construction industry utilizes various materials from different eras.
- Materials are chosen based on availability, cost, and suitability for climate and construction needs.
Timber
- Traditional Cambodian houses in rural areas are often elevated on stilts to prevent flooding and pest infestations.
- Rectangular shape with steeply pitched roofs.
- Wood is used extensively in both structural and decorative elements of the houses.
Brick
- Brick structures represent historical heritage and modern practicality.
- Supporting the overall economy and providing affordable building materials.
- Used in multiple buildings from ancient temples to contemporary residential constructions.
Sandstone
- Obtained from the Kulen plateau, approximately 30 kilometers away.
- Initially used for particular elements (e.g., door frames).
- Transferring to construction sites had complications.
- Temple, Takeo, was likely the first temple built entirely with sandstone. Regular size cut stones were placed in position.
Concrete
- Concrete structures have become popular in various applications (residential, commercial, and infrastructure).
- Popular choice due to affordability and ease of construction.
- Often used in foundations, walls, and pavements.
- Reinforced Concrete: Suitable for taller buildings and other structures in the construction industry.
- Prestressed Concrete: Commonly applied in bridges, parking structures, and high-rise buildings.
Laterite
- Used commonly from the 6th to 13th century, specifically the Angkorian period.
- Durable red stone.
- Suited for foundations and enclosing walls.
- Key material for Khmer architecture design to withstand the tropical climate.
Gopura, Lintel, Tympanum, Pediments, Colonettes, Blind Doors and Windows
- Specific architectural elements that existed in Khmer architecture
Motifs
- Apsaras: Divine nymphs or celestial dancers from Indian mythology.
- Devata: Other minor female deities.
- Dvarapala: Human or demonic temple guardians.
- Gajasimha: Mythical animal with the body of a lion and head of an elephant.
- Garuda: Divine being (part-man, part-bird) and mythical enemy of Nagas.
- Indra: Vedic sky-god.
- Kala: Ferocious monster symbolizing time.
- Krishna: Mythological hero.
- Linga: Phallic post or cylinder symbolic of the god Shiva.
- Makara: Mythical sea monster.
- Naga: Mythical serpents.
- Quincunx: Spatial arrangement of five elements.
- Shiva: Important Hindu deity.
- Vishnu: Important Hindu deity.
Architectural Temples and Palaces
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Angkor Wat: A massive temple complex dedicated to Vishnu, depicting the Hindu cosmos, and a significant architectural masterpiece.
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Banteay Srei: Renowned for intricate carvings and details, purportedly built by a woman.
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Preah Khan: A labyrinth of pavilions, halls, and chapels, built in memory of his father, with the name meaning “Royal Sword” or “Holy Sword.”
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Banteay Kdei: A maze of chambers, built during the reign of Jayavarman VII.
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Ta Prohm: A "Tomb Raider Temple," with various towers and corridors.
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Bayon: Features a multitude of towers with smiling faces, representing a symbolic point of view.
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Angkor Thom: The last capital of the Khmer Empire, a fortified city.
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Pre Rup: Mountain temple built in the 10th century.
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Banteay Samre: A fortress with imposing walls, intricate doorways, and carvings.
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Naek Pean: A small temple located within a reservoir.
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Phnom Bakheng: A pyramid-shaped temple.
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Prasat Beng Mealea: An enveloped temple with intricate moat.
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Ta Som: A smaller temple with huge strangler fig tree.
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East Mebon: A unique mountain temple with stunning elephant statues.
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Ta Keo: Unfinished temple.
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Baphuon: A large temple with intricate reliefs and a reclining Buddha statue.
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Kho Ker (Thom Pyramid): A seven-tiered pyramid, a significant ancient Khmer site.
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Phnom Khrom: A temple complex with three towers dedicated to Hindu deities.
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Kravan Temple: Built during the reign of King Jayavarman IV.
Royal Palace
- Complex of buildings in Phnom Penh serving monarchs, royal families, and foreign guests.
- Focuses on courts, protocols, and royal ceremonies.
- Built with traditional Khmer design, influenced by French style.
- Includes buildings like the Throne Hall, Moonlight Pavilion, and the Silver Pagoda.
Conclusion
- Cambodian architecture offers a blend of ancient traditions and modern influences, showcasing resilience, and creativity.
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