17 Questions
What is the function of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) derived from epithelial cells?
Create a microbicidal shield to damage microorganisms prior to attachment and invasion
What is the role of Opsonins in the immune response?
Enhance phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs
Which of the following is classified as a soluble Pathogen Recognition Receptor (PRR)?
Defensins
Which type of immunoglobulin is predominantly found in the lower respiratory tract?
IgG
What is the main function of Collectins in the immune system?
Collagen-like proteins involved in pathogen recognition
What happens when Complement encounters an inactive microbe in the blood?
Microbe cell membrane destruction
What is the main function of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?
Recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Which type of cells are involved in the recognition of PAMPs through Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?
Intestinal epithelial cells
What are the main components involved in the innate immunity system?
Innate Cells and Cytokines
Which of the following is NOT a type of Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) mentioned in the text?
Immunoglobulins
How do Cytokines contribute to the immune response?
By promoting inflammation
Which protein binds carbohydrates with terminal mannose and fucose, activates Complement, and promotes Opsonisation by Phagocytosis?
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Which protein activates Opsonisation by Alveolar Macrophages in the lungs and is lipophilic in nature?
Surfactant protein D
Which of the following is a rapid diagnostic indicator for blood infection and binds bacteria and fungi, activating Complement by binding C1q?
Pentraxins
Which microbial pattern recognition receptor senses microbial components like PGN, TA, LTA, and LPS?
PRRS
Which type of microbial component is recognised by TLR2 among the options provided?
Peptidoglycan
Which protein recognises phosphorylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on bacterial membranes exposed on apoptotic cells?
Ficolins
Study Notes
Antimicrobial Proteins (AMPs)
- Epithelial cell-derived AMPs create a microbicidal shield that damages microorganisms prior to attachment and invasion
- Examples of AMPs include lysozyme, lactoferrin, defensins, and collectins
Lysozyme
- Breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
Lactoferrin
- Binds iron, limiting its availability to pathogens
Defensins
- Soluble pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize and bind to microorganisms
- Activate complement and enhance phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Complement System
- Activated by pathogen recognition and antibody-bound microbes
- Complement proteins (C1q, C2b, C4b, etc.) react with C3 and C5
- Leads to cell membrane destruction and immune cell attraction
Collectins
- Collagen-like proteins that recognize and bind to microorganisms
- Examples include surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) in the lung
- Activate opsonization by alveolar macrophages
Pentraxins
- Include C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P (SAP), and long pentraxin PTX3
- Recognize phosphorylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine on bacterial membranes and apoptotic cells
- Activate complement and enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
- Repeating polymers (subunits) of peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide
- Recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
- Recognize microbial components (PAMPs) and activate immune response
- Examples include TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, which recognize bacterial cell walls, lipopeptides, and nucleic acids
Test your knowledge on innate host response to pathogens with a focus on recognition mechanisms such as antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) and Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs). This quiz is based on the lecture by Dr. John Mac Sharry from the School of Microbiology at UCC.
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