Matter and Its Properties Quiz

Matter and its Properties

• Matter: Anything with mass and volume.
• Mass: The amount of matter, measured in kg or g.
• Volume: The space an object occupies, measured in L or mL.
• Density: Mass divided by volume.
• Particle Theory of Matter: Matter is composed of tiny particles with empty spaces between them. These particles are in constant, random motion, and their speed/separation increases with temperature. Particles also attract each other. Different substances have different types of particles.

States of Matter

• Solids: Definite shape, atoms closely packed and regularly arranged, less movement. Expand minimally with heat, and are difficult to compress.
• Liquids: Flow, take shape of container, molecules randomly oriented, expand slightly with heat, compress slightly under pressure.
• Gases: Very low density, occupy all the space of the container, expand freely, compress easily, molecules are widely spaced.
• Plasma: Similar to gas, but atoms lose electrons, forming ions. Low density and no fixed shape or volume.
• Phase Changes:
• Sublimation: Solid to gas.
• Deposition: Gas to solid.
• Condensation: Gas to liquid.
• Evaporation: Liquid to gas.
• Melting: Solid to liquid.
• Freezing: Liquid to solid.

Pure Substances vs. Mixtures

• Pure Substance: Made of only one type of particle (element or compound), uniform composition.
• Element: Cannot be broken down.
• Compound: Made of two or more elements chemically combined.
• Mixture: Made of two or more different substances not chemically combined.
• Heterogeneous Mixture: Different parts are visible.
• Mechanical Mixture: Distinct parts, e.g., mixed nuts.
• Suspension: Cloudy mixture; particles of one substance suspended in another (e.g., tomato juice), separable by filtration.
• Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform throughout; one substance dissolved in another (e.g., salt water), cannot visually distinguish different components
• Solution: One substance dissolves another (e.g., salt water, clear apple juice).
• Colloid: Tiny particles dispersed throughout another substance, smaller than in a suspension (e.g., butter, cream).
• Alloy: Solid solution of two or more metals.

Unusual Behaviour of Water

• Density: Solid water is less dense than liquid water. Ice floats.

Physical Properties

• Physical Properties: Characteristics determined without changing the substance's composition. Commonly observed using the five senses.
• Optical Clarity: The ability to allow light through
• Transparent: Light passes through completely.
• Translucent: Some light passes through.
• Opaque: No light passes through.
• Brittleness: Breaks or shatters easily.
• Flexibility: Ability to bend.
• Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
• Solubility: Ability to dissolve.
• Hardness: Resistance to scratching (measured on a scale).
• Malleability: Ability to be hammered into shapes.
• Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires.
• Electrical Conductivity: Ability to conduct electricity.
• Cohesive: Attraction between particles of the same substance.
• Adhesive: Attraction between particles of different substances.
• Hydrophobic: Water-repelling.
• Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
• Melting/Freezing point: Of water specifically.

Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical Change: A change in appearance or state without changing the composition. No new substances are formed.
• Chemical Change: A change that results in a new substance forming. (Chemical properties are observed).

Chemical Properties (examples)

• Flammability: Ability to burn (chemical property)
• Combustibility: Ability to burn/produce heat (chemical property)
• Toxicity: Degree of harmfulness.
• Corrosivity: Ability to corrode / break down.
• Reactivity: Ability to react with other substances.

Chemical Change (examples)

• Iron rusting
• Burning wood
• Cooking an egg
• Baking a cake
• Rotting banana
• Fireworks

Evidence of a Chemical Change

• Color change
• Odor change
• Gas production (bubbles)
• Temperature or light change (endothermic/exothermic)

Density Formulas

• Density = Mass/Volume
• Volume = Mass/Density
• Mass = Volume x Density