Matter and Its Properties

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Questions and Answers

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

What is matter composed of?

Atoms and molecules

What are atoms?

Submicroscopic particles that are the fundamental building blocks of matter

What are molecules?

<p>Two or more atoms joined to one another in specific geometric arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the states of matter?

<p>Solid, liquid, gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solid?

<p>A solid has a definite shape and volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solids can be either ___ or ___?

<p>Crystalline or amorphous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crystalline solid?

<p>A crystalline solid has atoms or molecules arranged in geometric patterns with long-range, repeating order</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a crystalline solid.

<p>Salt and diamond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amorphous solid?

<p>An amorphous solid has atoms or molecules that do not have long-range order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of an amorphous solid.

<p>Glass, rubber, and plastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solids are compressible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixture?

<p>A mixture is a combination of pure substances in which the components retain their identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homogeneous mixture?

<p>A homogeneous mixture is made of multiple substances, but appears to be one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a homogeneous mixture.

<p>Saltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are properties?

<p>Characteristics we can use to distinguish substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical property?

<p>A property a substance displays without changing its composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a physical property.

<p>Boiling point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the odor of gasoline a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the boiling point of water a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the melting point of ice a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the color of a substance a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the density of a substance a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the flammability of gasoline a physical or chemical property?

<p>Chemical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the corrosiveness of a substance a physical or chemical property?

<p>Chemical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the volatility of a substance a physical or chemical property?

<p>Physical property</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance?

<p>A pure substance is made up of only one type of atom or molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a pure substance.

<p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical change?

<p>A physical change alters the state or appearance of matter without changing its composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a physical change.

<p>Boiling water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the tendency of copper to turn green when exposed to air a physical or chemical change?

<p>Chemical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the tendency of automobile paint to dull over time a physical or chemical change?

<p>Chemical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the tendency of gasoline to evaporate quickly when spilled a physical or chemical change?

<p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the low mass (for a given volume) of aluminum relative to other metals a physical or chemical change?

<p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is freezing water to make ice cubes a physical or chemical change?

<p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is dry ice evaporating at room temperature a physical or chemical change?

<p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is toasting a piece of bread a physical or chemical change?

<p>Chemical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is dissolving sugar in hot coffee a physical or chemical change?

<p>Physical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

<p>Matter is not created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy?

<p>The capacity to do work</p> Signup and view all the answers

All matter possesses energy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy can be either ______ or ______.

<p>Kinetic or potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for total energy?

<p>Total energy = potential energy + kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kinetic energy?

<p>The energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is potential energy?

<p>The energy associated with position or composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electrical energy?

<p>The energy associated with the flow of electrical charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal energy?

<p>The energy associated with the random motions of atoms and molecules in matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit for energy?

<p>The joule (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary unit for energy?

<p>The calorie (cal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A calorie is larger than a joule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a Calorie and a calorie?

<p>1 Calorie = 1000 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientific notation consists of two parts. What are they?

<p>Decimal part: number between 1-10. Exponential part: 10 raised to an exponent, n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are significant digits?

<p>The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about significant digits is TRUE?

<p>All of the above are true. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When multiplying or dividing measurements with significant figures, what determines the number of significant figures in the result?

<p>The measurement with the lowest number of significant figures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When adding or subtracting measurements with significant figures, what determines the number of decimal places in the result?

<p>The measurement with the fewest decimal places. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SI stand for?

<p>Le Système International</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit of length?

<p>Meter (m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit of mass?

<p>Kilogram (kg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit of temperature?

<p>Kelvin (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A meterstick is larger than a yardstick.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass changes depending on gravity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the numerical value of 'kilo'?

<p>1000 (10^3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Express 14,000 in scientific notation.

<p>1.4 x 10^4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SI stand for in French?

<p>Le Système International</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the formula for calculating volume.

<p>Length x width x height</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many milliliters are in 1 liter?

<p>1,000 milliliters</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many centimeters are in 1 inch?

<p>2.54 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the formula to convert inches to centimeters.

<p>in x 2.54 cm/1 in</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the formula to convert centimeters to inches.

<p>1 inch/2.54 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the formula for density.

<p>Mass/volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Avogadro's number?

<p>6.022 x 10^23</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many inches are in 1 yard?

<p>36 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pounds are in 1 kilogram?

<p>2.205 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

A piece of metal ore weighs 15.16 g. When a student places it into a graduated cylinder containing water, the liquid level rises from 21.25 mL to 26.47 mL. What is the density of the ore in g/mL?

<p>2.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

The speed limit on many U.S. highways is 65 mi/hr. Convert this speed in km/day.

<p>2.5 x 10^3 km/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the volume of 5.5 gallons in cm3. Tips: 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

<p>2.08175 x 10^4 cm^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solve the following to the correct number of significant figures: 2.5110 x 21.20 / (44.11 + 1.223)

<p>1.174</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many significant figures are in 0.00226500 mL?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

The quantity 8.7 x 10^5 g is expressed in standard decimal notation.

<p>870,000 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solve the following problem: 5.5 x 10^3 - 7.2 x 10^2

<p>4.78 x 10^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric prefixes are represented by the following mnemonic: monarch king henry's daughter Barbara drinks chocolate milk until nine pm?

<p>mega, kilo, hecto, deca, base, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit for amount of substance?

<p>mole (mol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Round 0.000045389 to 3 significant figures.

<p>4.54 x 10^-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Round 2.34999999999999995 to 3 significant figures.

<p>2.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

Round 1.548937 x 10^7 to 3 significant figures.

<p>1.55 x 10^7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solve: 2.5110 x 21.20 / (44.11 + 1.223)

<p>1.174</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gas can holds 2.0 gal of gasoline. What is this quantity in cubic centimeters? Tip: 1 gal = 3.785L

<p>7.6 x 10^3 cm^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemistry?

<p>The science that seeks to understand what matter does and what atoms and molecules do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who said, "The most important idea in all human knowledge is that all things are made of atoms."?

<p>Richard Feynman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are observations in the context of the scientific method?

<p>Measurements or observing some aspect of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A tentative interpretation of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scientific laws?

<p>Summarize the results of a large number of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scientific theories?

<p>Models that explain and give the underlying causes for observations and laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experiment?

<p>Highly controlled observations designed to validate or invalidate a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a good hypothesis to be falsifiable?

<p>Able to be disproven by experimental results</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quantification?

<p>Measurement as part of observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify the following statement as an observation, a law, or a theory:

When a metal is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change.

<p>observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify the following statement as an observation, a law, or a theory:

Matter is made of atoms.

<p>theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify the following statement as an observation, a law, or a theory:

Matter is conserved in chemical reactions.

<p>law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify the following statement as an observation, a law, or a theory:

When wood is burned in a closed container, its mass does not change.

<p>observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the average rate of change?

<p>Average rate = change/time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tentative interpretation or explanation of an observation called?

<p>Hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists test their hypotheses?

<p>Experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the development of scientific laws?

<p>A series of similar observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can one or more well-established hypotheses form the basis for?

<p>A scientific theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a water molecule composed of?

<p>One oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Chemicals make up everything around you, including your own body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the following an example of?

When a given sample of gasoline is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change.

<p>observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: If experimental results contradict a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be either revised or discarded.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sample of wood with a mass of 3.0 grams was burned in an open dish. The ashes weighed 1.2 grams. What happened to the rest of the wood?

<p>The remaining 1.8 grams was converted into gaseous compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: A scientific law is a statement that summarizes and describes natural phenomena.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method?

<p>The way scientists learn about the natural world. The scientific method involves observations, laws, hypotheses, theories, and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered penicillin?

<p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

<p>Falsifiable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic theory?

<p>A theory that states that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the atomic theory?

<p>John Dalton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement most resembles a scientific theory?

When the pressure on a sample of oxygen gas is increased 10%, the volume of the gas decreases by 10%.

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

A gas is composed of small particles in constant motion.

A gas sample has a mass of 15.8 g and a volume of 10.5 L.

<p>A gas is composed of small particles in constant motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

What is matter composed of?

Atoms and molecules.

What are atoms?

Submicroscopic particles that are the fundamental building blocks of matter

What are molecules?

Two or more atoms joined together in specific geometric arrangements.

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What are the states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

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What are the characteristics of a solid?

Definite shape and volume. It cannot be easily compressed.

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What is a crystalline solid?

Atoms or molecules arranged in geometric patterns with long-range, repeating order. Example: salt and diamond.

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What is an amorphous solid?

Atoms or molecules do not have long-range order. Example: glass, rubber, and plastic.

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What are the characteristics of a liquid?

Definite volume but an indefinite shape. It takes on the shape of its container.

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What are the characteristics of a gas?

Indefinite shape and indefinite volume.

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Is a solid compressible?

Not compressible.

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Is a liquid compressible?

Not compressible.

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Is a gas compressible?

Compressible.

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What is a mixture?

A combination of pure substances in which the components retain their identities.

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What is a homogenous mixture?

Made of multiple substances, but appears to be one. Example: saltwater.

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What is a heterogenous mixture?

Made of multiple substances whose presence can be distinguished. Example: sand and water.

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What are properties?

Characteristics that we can use to distinguish substances.

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What is a physical property?

A property that a substance displays without changing its composition. Example: color, density, boiling point.

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What is a chemical property?

A property that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change. Example: flammability, reactivity.

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What kind of property is the odor of gasoline?

Physical Property

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What kind of property is the boiling point of water?

Physical Property

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What kind of property is the melting point of ice?

Physical Property

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What kind of property is the color of a substance?

Physical Property

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What kind of property is the density of a substance?

Physical Property

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What kind of property is the flammability of gasoline?

Chemical Property

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What kind of property is corrosiveness?

Chemical Property

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What kind of property is acidity?

Chemical Property

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What kind of property is toxicity?

Chemical Property

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What kind of property is the volatility of gasoline?

Physical Property

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Scientific Notation

A number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to an exponent.

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Significant Digits

Digits of a number that contribute to the precision or accuracy of a measurement.

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Multiplying/Dividing with Significant Figures

The result has the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

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Adding/Subtracting with Significant Figures

The result has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

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SI Units

International System of Units, a standard system for measurement.

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Length SI Unit

Meter (m)

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Mass SI Unit

Kilogram (kg)

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Time SI Unit

Second (s)

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Temperature SI Unit

Kelvin (K)

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Meterstick vs. Yardstick

A meterstick is longer than a yardstick.

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Mass and Gravity

Mass is a measure of how much matter is in an object. It is a fundamental property that does not change based on gravity.

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Kilo

1000 (10³)

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Hecto

100 (10²)

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Deca

10 (10¹)

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Deci

0.1 (10⁻¹)

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Centi

0.01 (10⁻²)

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Milli

0.001 (10⁻³)

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Unit

A standard, agreed-upon quantity used for measurement.

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14000 in Scientific Notation

1.4 x 10⁴

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SI

Le Système International

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Volume Formula

Length x width x height

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1 Liter = ___ Milliliters

1000 milliliters

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1 Inch = ___ cm

2.54 cm

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Convert Inches to Centimeters

in x 2.54 cm/1 in

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Convert Centimeters to Inches

1 inch/2.54 cm

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Density Formula

Mass/Volume

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Density in SI Units

kg/m³

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Avogadro's Number

6.022 x 10²³

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1 Yard into Inches

36 inches

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1 kg = ? lb

2.205 lb

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Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space. It is composed of atoms and molecules.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

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Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a specific arrangement.

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Chemistry

The study of matter and its properties as well as how matter changes.

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Scientific Law

A statement that summarizes the results of many observations.

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Hypothesis

A tentative interpretation of observations, a possible explanation.

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Scientific Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence.

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Experiment

A procedure designed to test a hypothesis, involving controlled observations.

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Falsifiable Hypothesis

A hypothesis must be falsifiable, meaning it can be disproven through experimentation.

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Quantification

The process of making observations and measurements.

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Experiment

A controlled observation designed to test a hypothesis. It should be able to be repeated by other scientists.

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Mathematical Expression of a Law

A scientific law can be expressed as a mathematical equation.

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Well-Supported Theory

A scientific theory is supported by a large body of evidence.

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Law vs. Theory

A scientific law describes a pattern in nature, while a scientific theory explains why that pattern exists.

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Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

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Atomic Theory

The idea that all matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

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Mass

The measurement of the amount of matter in an object.

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Volume

The amount of space that an object occupies.

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Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance.

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Pure Substance

A substance that has a definite composition and distinct properties.

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Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded, and can be separated by physical means.

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Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout.

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Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a non-uniform composition, where the different components are visible.

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Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition.

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Chemical Property

A characteristic of a substance that describes how it reacts with other substances, resulting in a change in composition.

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Physical Change

A change in the form or appearance of a substance but not in its chemical composition.

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Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of a new substance with a new chemical composition.

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Scientific Method

The process by which scientists investigate the natural world.

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Scientific Model

A scientific model that attempts to explain and predict the behavior of nature.

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Reproducible Experiment

A scientific experiment should be designed so that it can be repeated by other scientists.

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Study Notes

Matter and Its Properties

  • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
  • Matter is composed of atoms and molecules.
  • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, the smallest unit.
  • Molecules are aggregates of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement, held together by chemical bonds.
  • Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand what matter and its components (atoms and molecules) do.
  • Richard Feynman famously stated: "The most important idea in all human knowledge is that all things are made of atoms."
  • Chemicals make up everything around you, including your own body.

Scientific Method

  • Observations are measurements or observing some aspect of nature; quantification is a key part.
  • A hypothesis is a tentative interpretation or explanation of observations. A good hypothesis is falsifiable, meaning it can be disproven by experimental results
  • Laws summarize the results of a large number of observations
  • Theories are models that explain and give the underlying causes for observations and laws.
  • Experiments are highly controlled observations designed to validate or invalidate a hypothesis. Scientists test hypotheses by experimentation.
  • A series of similar observations leads to the development of scientific laws.
  • One or more well-established hypotheses may form the basis for a scientific theory.
  • The scientific method is the way that scientists learn about the natural world. The scientific method involves observations, laws, hypotheses, theories, and experimentation.

States of Matter (as in previous notes)

  • Solids have a definite shape and volume. Solids are not compressible. Solids can be crystalline or amorphous.
    • Crystalline solids have long-range order in their atomic arrangement (e.g., salt, diamond).
    • Amorphous solids lack long-range order (e.g., glass, rubber, plastic).
  • Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. Liquids are not compressible.
  • Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. Gases are compressible.

Mixtures (as in previous notes)

  • Mixtures are combinations of pure substances where components retain their identities.
  • Mixtures can be homogeneous (appear as one substance, e.g., salt water) or heterogeneous (different components are distinguishable, e.g., Italian salad dressing).

Properties of Matter (as in previous notes)

  • Properties are characteristics that distinguish substances.
  • Physical properties describe a substance without changing its composition (e.g., odor, boiling point, melting point, color, density, volatility).
  • Chemical properties describe how a substance changes its composition through a chemical change (e.g., flammability, corrosiveness, acidity, toxicity).

Changes in Matter (as in previous notes)

  • Physical changes alter a substance's state or appearance without changing its composition (e.g., boiling water).
  • Chemical changes alter a substance's composition (e.g., burning wood).

Law of Conservation of Mass (as in previous notes)

  • Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Energy (as in previous notes)

  • Energy is the capacity to do work.
  • Work is the result of a force acting through a distance.
  • All matter possesses energy.
  • Energy exists as kinetic or potential energy.
    • Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
    • Potential energy is energy of position or composition.

Law of Conservation of Energy (as in previous notes)

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Examples of Laws and Theories (from the flashcards)

  • Observation: When a metal is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change.

  • Law: Matter is conserved in chemical reactions

  • Theory: Matter is made of atoms.

  • Observation: When wood is burned in a closed container, its mass does not change.

  • Another general observation – If experimental results contradict a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be either revised or discarded.

  • The remaining mass of wood went into gaseous compounds.

Other Concepts (from the flashcards)

  • Water molecule is composed of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
  • Average rate = change/years
  • Mass does not change with gravity.
  • 1 meter stick is longer than a standard yardstick.
  • 1 litre = 1000 millilitres
  • 1 inch = 2.54 cm
  • Density = mass/volume (kg/m3 in SI)
  • Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 1023
  • 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
  • 1 kg = 2.205 lb
  • Volume = length × width × height
  • Conversion factors: inch to cm (in x 2.54cm/1in), cm to inch (1 inch/2.54 cm), gallons to cm3 (1 gal = 3.785L),
  • Examples of calculations using significant figures are included (though details are not yet in these new notes).
  • John Dalton formulated the atomic theory.
  • Scientific Laws: summarized national phenomena.
  • Atomic Theory – All matter is composed of atoms.

Additional Concepts (Units, etc.) (carried over)

  • Units of Energy (joule, calorie)
  • Heat and Temperature (definitions)
  • Heat capacity and Specific Heat (definitions)
  • Calculating Heat Transfer (formula)
  • Converting Units (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
  • Scientific Notation
  • Significant Figures (rules)
  • Multiplying/Dividing Measurements (significant figures)
  • Adding/Subtracting Measurements (significant figures)
  • SI Units (base units and prefixes)

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