Mathematics 101: Number Systems

Study Notes

Foundational Concepts

Mathematics is a fundamental field of study encompassing various branches, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, and more.
It deals with abstract concepts like numbers, shapes, and quantities, offering a structured approach to understanding the world.
Mathematics relies on logical reasoning, axioms, and theorems to build upon and prove concepts.

Number Systems

Natural numbers (counting numbers): 1, 2, 3, ...
Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
Rational numbers: numbers that can be expressed as a fraction p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Irrational numbers: numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers. Examples include π and √2.
Real numbers: encompass both rational and irrational numbers.
Imaginary numbers: numbers that, when squared, give a negative real number. i² = -1.
Complex numbers: a combination of real and imaginary numbers in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.

Arithmetic Operations

Addition (+): combining quantities.
Subtraction (-): finding the difference between quantities.
Multiplication (× or ⋅): repeated addition.
Division (÷ or /): finding how many times one quantity is contained within another.
Exponentiation (): repeated multiplication.

Algebra

Variables and expressions: representing unknown quantities using letters (variables).
Equations: statements showing the equality of two expressions.
Inequalities: statements showing the comparison of two expressions using symbols like > (greater than), < (less than), ≥ (greater than or equal to), ≤ (less than or equal to).
Linear equations: equations that form a straight line when graphed.
Quadratic equations: equations containing a term with a variable squared.
Polynomials: expressions involving multiple terms with variables and constants.

Geometry

Shapes and figures: classifying and studying different shapes (e.g., triangles, quadrilaterals, circles).
Measurements: calculating lengths, areas, volumes, and angles.
Transformations: moving, resizing, or reflecting geometric figures.
Euclidean geometry: a system of geometry based on axioms and postulates.

Calculus

Limits and continuity: examining the behavior of functions as inputs approach certain values.
Derivatives: measuring the rate of change of a function.
Integrals: finding the area under a curve.
Applications of calculus: used to model and solve problems involving motion, optimization, and more.

Discrete Mathematics

Logic: the study of valid reasoning.
Set theory: the study of collections of objects.
Counting and probability: methods for determining the likelihood of events.
Graph theory: studying relationships between objects using graphs.

Other Important Concepts

Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Properties of operations
Number theory
Mathematical modelling
Statistical analysis
Graphing techniques
Problem-solving strategies
Estimation and approximation

Branches of Mathematics

Analysis: deals with limits, continuity, derivatives, and integrals.
Topology: studies shapes and spaces under continuous transformations.
Abstract algebra: focuses on abstract structures like groups, rings, and fields.
Number theory: investigates properties of integers and their relationships.
Combinatorics and graph theory: focuses on arrangements, counting, and relationships between objects.

Applications of Mathematics

Science: modeling physical phenomena, predicting outcomes
Engineering: designing structures, analyzing systems
Economics: forecasting trends, optimizing resource allocation
Computer science: algorithms, data structures, cryptography
Statistics: analyzing data, drawing conclusions
Finance: investment strategies, risk management.

Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in mathematics, focusing on various number systems including natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational, real, imaginary, and complex numbers. Test your understanding of how these categories interrelate and their definitions.