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Questions and Answers
What defines mild preeclampsia?
What defines mild preeclampsia?
Which of the following is a sign of severe preeclampsia?
Which of the following is a sign of severe preeclampsia?
What is the main consequence of eclampsia?
What is the main consequence of eclampsia?
Which medication is contraindicated in managing hypertension in pregnant patients?
Which medication is contraindicated in managing hypertension in pregnant patients?
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What condition is characterized by low platelets and may result in abnormal bleeding and clotting times?
What condition is characterized by low platelets and may result in abnormal bleeding and clotting times?
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What age group poses a higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes?
What age group poses a higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes?
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Which of the following is NOT a concern associated with adolescent pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a concern associated with adolescent pregnancy?
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What is a critical nutritional supplement recommended for women of childbearing age?
What is a critical nutritional supplement recommended for women of childbearing age?
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What can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight?
What can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight?
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Which medical condition is noted to increase risks during pregnancy?
Which medical condition is noted to increase risks during pregnancy?
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Which infection during the first 8 weeks of gestation has a high rate of fetal infection?
Which infection during the first 8 weeks of gestation has a high rate of fetal infection?
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Which sexually transmitted infection can cross the placenta and lead to spontaneous abortions?
Which sexually transmitted infection can cross the placenta and lead to spontaneous abortions?
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What can physical abuse during pregnancy potentially increase the risk of?
What can physical abuse during pregnancy potentially increase the risk of?
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What phase follows the 'Taking in phase' during the postpartum period?
What phase follows the 'Taking in phase' during the postpartum period?
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What is a recommended intervention for breast engorgement?
What is a recommended intervention for breast engorgement?
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Which medication can help treat Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) by contracting the uterus?
Which medication can help treat Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) by contracting the uterus?
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How can a mother prevent mastitis while breastfeeding?
How can a mother prevent mastitis while breastfeeding?
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What should be monitored in a patient to assess for uterine atony related to postpartum hemorrhage?
What should be monitored in a patient to assess for uterine atony related to postpartum hemorrhage?
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During which phase do mothers focus on practicing skills to care for their baby?
During which phase do mothers focus on practicing skills to care for their baby?
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What sign may indicate a pulmonary embolism after delivery?
What sign may indicate a pulmonary embolism after delivery?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of mastitis?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of mastitis?
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What is full term labor considered in weeks?
What is full term labor considered in weeks?
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Which medication is used to relax uterine muscles by blocking calcium transport?
Which medication is used to relax uterine muscles by blocking calcium transport?
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What indicates that membranes have ruptured when using Nitrazine paper?
What indicates that membranes have ruptured when using Nitrazine paper?
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During which phase of the first stage of labor is the cervix dilated from 0 to 3 cm?
During which phase of the first stage of labor is the cervix dilated from 0 to 3 cm?
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Which non-pharmacological method involves light circular stroking of the abdomen?
Which non-pharmacological method involves light circular stroking of the abdomen?
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What is the primary purpose of administering betamethasone during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of administering betamethasone during pregnancy?
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What physiological change suggests that labor may be imminent?
What physiological change suggests that labor may be imminent?
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What are the risks associated with using sedatives during labor?
What are the risks associated with using sedatives during labor?
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What indicates the transition phase of the first stage of labor?
What indicates the transition phase of the first stage of labor?
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Which of the following tests is commonly performed to check for infection in pregnancy?
Which of the following tests is commonly performed to check for infection in pregnancy?
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What is the duration of Post-Partum Blues before it should be assessed for Post-Partum Depression?
What is the duration of Post-Partum Blues before it should be assessed for Post-Partum Depression?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Post-Partum Psychosis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Post-Partum Psychosis?
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What score on the APGAR scale indicates severe distress in a newborn?
What score on the APGAR scale indicates severe distress in a newborn?
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Which characteristic is associated with a preterm infant regarding skin?
Which characteristic is associated with a preterm infant regarding skin?
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What does a Newborn score of 5 on the APGAR assessment signify?
What does a Newborn score of 5 on the APGAR assessment signify?
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Which physical maturity trait is expected in a full-term newborn?
Which physical maturity trait is expected in a full-term newborn?
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When should fontanels in a newborn be bulging?
When should fontanels in a newborn be bulging?
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Which of the following is NOT a normal deviation observed in newborns?
Which of the following is NOT a normal deviation observed in newborns?
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Study Notes
Maternal Risk Factors
- Maternal Age: Women under 20 and over 35 face increased perinatal risks.
- Adolescent Pregnancy Concerns: Poor nutrition, emotional difficulties, lack of support, stillbirth, low birth weight, fetal mortality, maternal complications like hypertension and anemia.
- Nursing Role: Promote early prenatal care and provide referrals for additional support.
- Nutrition Needs: Proper nutrition is essential for fetal growth, including folic acid to prevent neural tube defects.
- Genetic Considerations: Genetic abnormalities can lead to congenital anomalies; nurses should assess genetic risks.
- Healthcare Access: Lack of prenatal and dental care can contribute to preterm birth and low birth weight.
- Abuse and Violence: Increases risks for abruptio placentae and preterm birth.
- Concurrent Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes and hypertension heighten pregnancy risks.
- German Measles: Highest risk of fetal infection occurs if the mother is infected within the first 8 weeks of gestation.
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STIs Impact:
- Syphilis: Can cross the placenta, associated with abortions and congenital anomalies.
- HPV: Risk of transmission during vaginal birth.
Preeclampsia and Related Conditions
- Mild Preeclampsia: Hypertension (≥140/90), proteinuria, possibly no edema.
- Severe Preeclampsia: BP (≥160/100), proteinuria (3+), elevated creatinine, symptoms may include headache and visual disturbances.
- Eclampsia: Severe preeclampsia with seizures.
- HELLP Syndrome: Characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets; can indicate severe complications.
Medications Used in Pregnancy
- Antihypertensives: Methyldopa, Nifedipine, Hydralazine, Labetalol. Avoid ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
- Anticonvulsants: Magnesium sulfate for seizures; monitor for toxicity, treat with calcium gluconate.
Early Onset of Labor
- Preterm Labor (PTL): Defined as contractions or cervical changes between 20-37 weeks.
- Management: Administer Nifedipine, Magnesium, Indomethacin, or Betamethasone to suppress contractions and promote lung maturity.
- Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM): Risk of infection; manage with antibiotics and steroids if membranes rupture.
Physiological Changes Preceding Labor
- Signs include backache, weight loss, lightening, contractions, and possible rupture of membranes.
Stages of Labor
- First Stage: Onset of labor to full dilation. Includes latent (0-3 cm), active (3-7 cm), and transition (7-10 cm) phases.
- Second Stage: Full dilation to birth of the baby.
- Third Stage: Birth of baby to delivery of placenta.
- Fourth Stage: After delivery of placenta until maternal stability.
Pain Management Techniques
- Non-pharmacological: Aromatherapy, imagery, music, effleurage, and sacral counter-pressure.
- Pharmacological: Sedatives can cause respiratory depression; opioids risk sedation and hypotension. Epidural analgesia requires bladder emptying.
Postpartum Phases
- Dependent Phase: First 24-48 hours, mother discusses birth experience.
- Dependent-Independent Phase: Days 2-3, focus on care for newborn.
- Independent Phase: Mother resumes other life roles.
Postpartum Education
- Address breast engorgement and potential disorders; milk production occurs 2-3 days post-delivery.
- Prevention of excessive milk flow if not breastfeeding involves tight bras and cold compresses.
- Postpartum Disorders: Risks include DVT and pulmonary embolism; assess for symptoms like chest pain.
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) Management
- Monitor types of lochia and symptoms of uterine atony.
- Medications for PPH include Oxytocin, Methylergonovine, and Misoprostol.
Newborn Assessment
- APGAR Score: Evaluates heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color; a score <4 indicates severe distress.
- New Ballard Scale: Assesses neuromuscular and physical maturity; key features vary by gestational age.
Normal Deviations in Newborns
- Milia: Small white spots that resolve naturally.
- Mongolian Spots: Bluish-purple marks, usually benign.
- Head Measurements: Newborn head circumference larger than chest; fontanels should be soft and flat, bulging or sunken is abnormal.
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Description
Test your knowledge on maternal risk factors affecting perinatal outcomes. Explore aspects such as age-related risks, adolescent pregnancy concerns, and their implications for maternal and infant health. This quiz will help you understand the critical issues surrounding maternal health.
