Appetite Chapter 13
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Questions and Answers

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, women tend to

  • eat fewer calories
  • store less fat on their bodies
  • experience cravings for high-carbohydrate foods (correct)
  • have a lower basal metabolic rate

    • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by

  • a decrease in basal metabolic rate
  • a decrease in appetite
  • cravings for low-calorie foods
  • symptoms such as depression and anxiety (correct)

    • The average percentage of total body weight that consists of fat is higher in

  • young adult men than young adult women
  • adolescent girls than adolescent boys
  • adolescent boys than adolescent girls
  • young adult women than young adult men (correct)

    • The menstrual cycle can influence a woman's eating habits through

    <p>changes in basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary difference between females and males in mammals?

    <p>Females produce eggs that are fertilized and nurtured within their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this chapter?

    <p>The impact of female mammalian reproduction on diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is research on the relationship between eating and female mammalian reproduction more abundant than research on eating and male mammalian reproduction?

    <p>Female mammals are the ultimate providers of food to the young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of women are at risk for impaired fertility?

    <p>Women who have chronically low metabolic rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of American women try weight-reduction diets each year?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative consequence of women dieting?

    <p>Menstrual irregularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible relationship between menopause and metabolic rate?

    <p>Metabolic rate decreases after menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete hormones to prepare the uterine lining for implantation?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for premenstrual food cravings?

    <p>Insufficient levels of serotonin in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the earth's light-dark cycle have on serotonin levels in the brain?

    <p>Causes fluctuations in serotonin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cravings during the menstrual cycle differ for women taking contraceptives or women in menopause compared to women with normal cycles?

    <p>Cravings remain the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is proposed by Rose E. Frisch as critical for ovulation to occur?

    <p>Percentage of body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can exercise have on menstruation?

    <p>Contribute to menstrual irregularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum calorie requirement for a woman to produce a full-term baby?

    <p>50,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment with hamsters suggest about the effect of partial food deprivation on fertility?

    <p>Inhibited ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for food cravings during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased caloric requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible reason why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?

    <p>Changes in the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might morning sickness be beneficial for the fetus?

    <p>It decreases the amounts of bitter foods and foods with pungent odors that the pregnant woman eats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taste aversion learning?

    <p>Acquiring long-lasting aversions to foods after consuming them once and experiencing nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, women who experience a significant amount of vomiting are more likely to have offspring who prefer which taste more?

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible explanation for the increased salt preference in offspring of mothers who experienced vomiting during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased dehydration in the mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of the increased CCK release during the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Increased fat storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, on average, how much weight do women gain?

    <p>25-35 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a woman whose weight is average for her height?

    <p>25-35 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential long-term effects of gaining more weight than recommended during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential adverse effects on offspring when pregnant women gain insufficient amounts of weight?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Smaller head circumference and thinner upper lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?

    <p>Below average intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been shown in experiments with fetal rats and young rat pups exposed to alcohol?

    <p>Decrease in brain cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>Even social drinking can cause deleterious effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mammalian species regularly engage in placentophagy, except for humans?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why placentophagy is not widespread among humans?

    <p>Humans have adequate nutrition and do not need the nutrients in the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current evidence supporting the claims that postpartum placenta consumption can prevent or cure psychological ills in newly delivered mothers?

    <p>There is no evidence supporting these claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which government agency recommended in the 1980s that pregnant women should not consume alcohol?

    <p>The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?

    <p>1-2 babies out of every 1000 born</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most recent consensus regarding moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>It is not harmful to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is placentophagy?

    <p>The act of a mother eating her placenta after delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of breast feeding on the infant?

    <p>Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of breast feeding on the mother?

    <p>Breast feeding can establish a successful feeding relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one difference between breast milk and formula?

    <p>Breast milk is never mixed at the wrong concentration with unsanitary water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?

    <p>FAS infants have lower intelligence than non-exposed infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?

    <p>1 in 1000 births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?

    <p>Hormonal changes during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is placentophagy?

    <p>The consumption of placenta by mammals, including humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one positive effect of breast feeding on infants?

    <p>Breast feeding can improve digestion and the use of ingested fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does breast feeding have on infants' behavior?

    <p>Breast feeding makes infants more tolerant of discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?

    <p>Breast feeding decreases the likelihood of infants becoming obese as adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between breast feeding and the tastes and odors experienced by infants?

    <p>Breast fed infants prefer the tastes and odors of lactating breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why lactating women consume more calories than nonpregnant women?

    <p>Lactating women have higher metabolic rates than nonpregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?

    <p>Suckling an infant decreases muscle heat generation and increases energy storage in those areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?

    <p>Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?

    <p>Suckling effects decrease the woman’s energy usage, lessening the effects of the caloric drain of milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential benefit of breast feeding for infants?

    <p>Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential effect of breast feeding on the mother?

    <p>Breast feeding can cause the mother to gain excessive weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one difference between breast milk and formula?

    <p>Breast milk is specifically designed to meet the needs of growing infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential effect of breast feeding on infants?

    <p>Improved digestion and use of ingested fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?

    <p>Breast-fed infants are less likely to become obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for the relationship between breast feeding and later obesity?

    <p>Infants who are breast fed consume fewer ounces of formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one interesting aspect of how breast feeding can influence infants?

    <p>The preference for the odors of lactating breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?

    <p>The levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion change during lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?

    <p>Suckling an infant decreases the woman's energy usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?

    <p>Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can exercise have on menstruation?

    <p>Exercise can cause changes in the length and intensity of menstrual cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of a lactating mother's diet on her breast milk and her infant's food preferences?

    <p>Breast milk may have different tastes and odors based on the mother's diet, which can influence the infant's food preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have experiments shown about the preferences of infants whose mothers drank carrot juice during pregnancy or lactation?

    <p>Infants showed a preference for cereal made with carrot juice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible effect of infants accidentally fed on a formula deficient in chloride?

    <p>They have an increased preference for salty foods when they grow up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have researchers found regarding the ability of adults to identify breast milk from smoking women?

    <p>Adults can tell which samples of breast milk come from cigarette smoking women based on the concentration of nicotine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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