Appetite Chapter 13
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Questions and Answers

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, women tend to

  • eat fewer calories
  • store less fat on their bodies
  • experience cravings for high-carbohydrate foods (correct)
  • have a lower basal metabolic rate

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by

  • a decrease in basal metabolic rate
  • a decrease in appetite
  • cravings for low-calorie foods
  • symptoms such as depression and anxiety (correct)

The average percentage of total body weight that consists of fat is higher in

  • young adult men than young adult women
  • adolescent girls than adolescent boys
  • adolescent boys than adolescent girls
  • young adult women than young adult men (correct)

The menstrual cycle can influence a woman's eating habits through

<p>changes in basal metabolic rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary difference between females and males in mammals?

<p>Females produce eggs that are fertilized and nurtured within their bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of this chapter?

<p>The impact of female mammalian reproduction on diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is research on the relationship between eating and female mammalian reproduction more abundant than research on eating and male mammalian reproduction?

<p>Female mammals are the ultimate providers of food to the young (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women are at risk for impaired fertility?

<p>Women who have chronically low metabolic rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of American women try weight-reduction diets each year?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative consequence of women dieting?

<p>Menstrual irregularity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible relationship between menopause and metabolic rate?

<p>Metabolic rate decreases after menopause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete hormones to prepare the uterine lining for implantation?

<p>Luteal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for premenstrual food cravings?

<p>Insufficient levels of serotonin in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the earth's light-dark cycle have on serotonin levels in the brain?

<p>Causes fluctuations in serotonin levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cravings during the menstrual cycle differ for women taking contraceptives or women in menopause compared to women with normal cycles?

<p>Cravings remain the same (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is proposed by Rose E. Frisch as critical for ovulation to occur?

<p>Percentage of body fat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can exercise have on menstruation?

<p>Contribute to menstrual irregularity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum calorie requirement for a woman to produce a full-term baby?

<p>50,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the experiment with hamsters suggest about the effect of partial food deprivation on fertility?

<p>Inhibited ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for food cravings during pregnancy?

<p>Increased caloric requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?

<p>Changes in the digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might morning sickness be beneficial for the fetus?

<p>It decreases the amounts of bitter foods and foods with pungent odors that the pregnant woman eats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is taste aversion learning?

<p>Acquiring long-lasting aversions to foods after consuming them once and experiencing nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, women who experience a significant amount of vomiting are more likely to have offspring who prefer which taste more?

<p>Salt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the increased salt preference in offspring of mothers who experienced vomiting during pregnancy?

<p>Increased dehydration in the mothers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of the increased CCK release during the first trimester of pregnancy?

<p>Increased fat storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, on average, how much weight do women gain?

<p>25-35 pounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a woman whose weight is average for her height?

<p>25-35 pounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential long-term effects of gaining more weight than recommended during pregnancy?

<p>Increased risk of obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential adverse effects on offspring when pregnant women gain insufficient amounts of weight?

<p>Increased risk of obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

<p>Smaller head circumference and thinner upper lip (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?

<p>Below average intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been shown in experiments with fetal rats and young rat pups exposed to alcohol?

<p>Decrease in brain cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does research suggest about the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

<p>Even social drinking can cause deleterious effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mammalian species regularly engage in placentophagy, except for humans?

<p>Dogs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for why placentophagy is not widespread among humans?

<p>Humans have adequate nutrition and do not need the nutrients in the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current evidence supporting the claims that postpartum placenta consumption can prevent or cure psychological ills in newly delivered mothers?

<p>There is no evidence supporting these claims (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which government agency recommended in the 1980s that pregnant women should not consume alcohol?

<p>The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?

<p>1-2 babies out of every 1000 born (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most recent consensus regarding moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy?

<p>It is not harmful to the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is placentophagy?

<p>The act of a mother eating her placenta after delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of breast feeding on the infant?

<p>Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of breast feeding on the mother?

<p>Breast feeding can establish a successful feeding relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one difference between breast milk and formula?

<p>Breast milk is never mixed at the wrong concentration with unsanitary water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?

<p>FAS infants have lower intelligence than non-exposed infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?

<p>1 in 1000 births (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?

<p>Hormonal changes during pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is placentophagy?

<p>The consumption of placenta by mammals, including humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one positive effect of breast feeding on infants?

<p>Breast feeding can improve digestion and the use of ingested fuel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does breast feeding have on infants' behavior?

<p>Breast feeding makes infants more tolerant of discomfort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?

<p>Breast feeding decreases the likelihood of infants becoming obese as adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between breast feeding and the tastes and odors experienced by infants?

<p>Breast fed infants prefer the tastes and odors of lactating breasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for why lactating women consume more calories than nonpregnant women?

<p>Lactating women have higher metabolic rates than nonpregnant women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?

<p>Suckling an infant decreases muscle heat generation and increases energy storage in those areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?

<p>Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?

<p>Suckling effects decrease the woman’s energy usage, lessening the effects of the caloric drain of milk production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of breast feeding for infants?

<p>Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of breast feeding on the mother?

<p>Breast feeding can cause the mother to gain excessive weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one difference between breast milk and formula?

<p>Breast milk is specifically designed to meet the needs of growing infants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential effect of breast feeding on infants?

<p>Improved digestion and use of ingested fuel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?

<p>Breast-fed infants are less likely to become obese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for the relationship between breast feeding and later obesity?

<p>Infants who are breast fed consume fewer ounces of formula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one interesting aspect of how breast feeding can influence infants?

<p>The preference for the odors of lactating breasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?

<p>The levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion change during lactation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?

<p>Suckling an infant decreases the woman's energy usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?

<p>Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can exercise have on menstruation?

<p>Exercise can cause changes in the length and intensity of menstrual cycles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of a lactating mother's diet on her breast milk and her infant's food preferences?

<p>Breast milk may have different tastes and odors based on the mother's diet, which can influence the infant's food preferences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have experiments shown about the preferences of infants whose mothers drank carrot juice during pregnancy or lactation?

<p>Infants showed a preference for cereal made with carrot juice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible effect of infants accidentally fed on a formula deficient in chloride?

<p>They have an increased preference for salty foods when they grow up. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have researchers found regarding the ability of adults to identify breast milk from smoking women?

<p>Adults can tell which samples of breast milk come from cigarette smoking women based on the concentration of nicotine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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