71 Questions
During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, women tend to
experience cravings for high-carbohydrate foods
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by
symptoms such as depression and anxiety
The average percentage of total body weight that consists of fat is higher in
young adult women than young adult men
The menstrual cycle can influence a woman's eating habits through
changes in basal metabolic rate
Which of the following is a primary difference between females and males in mammals?
Females produce eggs that are fertilized and nurtured within their bodies
What is the main focus of this chapter?
The impact of female mammalian reproduction on diet
Why is research on the relationship between eating and female mammalian reproduction more abundant than research on eating and male mammalian reproduction?
Female mammals are the ultimate providers of food to the young
Which group of women are at risk for impaired fertility?
Women who have chronically low metabolic rates
What percentage of American women try weight-reduction diets each year?
60%
What is one negative consequence of women dieting?
Menstrual irregularity
What is the possible relationship between menopause and metabolic rate?
Metabolic rate decreases after menopause
Which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete hormones to prepare the uterine lining for implantation?
Luteal phase
What is one possible explanation for premenstrual food cravings?
Insufficient levels of serotonin in the brain
What effect does the earth's light-dark cycle have on serotonin levels in the brain?
Causes fluctuations in serotonin levels
How do cravings during the menstrual cycle differ for women taking contraceptives or women in menopause compared to women with normal cycles?
Cravings remain the same
Which factor is proposed by Rose E. Frisch as critical for ovulation to occur?
Percentage of body fat
What effect can exercise have on menstruation?
Contribute to menstrual irregularity
What is the minimum calorie requirement for a woman to produce a full-term baby?
50,000
What did the experiment with hamsters suggest about the effect of partial food deprivation on fertility?
Inhibited ovulation
What is one possible explanation for food cravings during pregnancy?
Increased caloric requirements
What is a possible reason why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?
Changes in the digestive tract
Why might morning sickness be beneficial for the fetus?
It decreases the amounts of bitter foods and foods with pungent odors that the pregnant woman eats
What is taste aversion learning?
Acquiring long-lasting aversions to foods after consuming them once and experiencing nausea
During pregnancy, women who experience a significant amount of vomiting are more likely to have offspring who prefer which taste more?
Salt
Which of the following is a possible explanation for the increased salt preference in offspring of mothers who experienced vomiting during pregnancy?
Increased dehydration in the mothers
What is one possible effect of the increased CCK release during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Increased fat storage
During pregnancy, on average, how much weight do women gain?
25-35 pounds
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a woman whose weight is average for her height?
25-35 pounds
What are the potential long-term effects of gaining more weight than recommended during pregnancy?
Increased risk of obesity
What are the potential adverse effects on offspring when pregnant women gain insufficient amounts of weight?
Increased risk of obesity
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
Smaller head circumference and thinner upper lip
What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?
Below average intelligence
What has been shown in experiments with fetal rats and young rat pups exposed to alcohol?
Decrease in brain cells
What does research suggest about the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Even social drinking can cause deleterious effects
Which mammalian species regularly engage in placentophagy, except for humans?
Dogs
What is one possible explanation for why placentophagy is not widespread among humans?
Humans have adequate nutrition and do not need the nutrients in the placenta
What is the current evidence supporting the claims that postpartum placenta consumption can prevent or cure psychological ills in newly delivered mothers?
There is no evidence supporting these claims
Which government agency recommended in the 1980s that pregnant women should not consume alcohol?
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?
1-2 babies out of every 1000 born
What is the most recent consensus regarding moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
It is not harmful to the fetus
What is placentophagy?
The act of a mother eating her placenta after delivery
What is one effect of breast feeding on the infant?
Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection.
What is one effect of breast feeding on the mother?
Breast feeding can establish a successful feeding relationship.
What is one difference between breast milk and formula?
Breast milk is never mixed at the wrong concentration with unsanitary water.
What is one effect of maternal drinking during pregnancy on the intelligence of FAS infants?
FAS infants have lower intelligence than non-exposed infants
What is the approximate prevalence of full-blown Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in the United States?
1 in 1000 births
What is one possible explanation for why some pregnant women find high-fat foods aversive during the first trimester?
Hormonal changes during pregnancy
What is placentophagy?
The consumption of placenta by mammals, including humans
What is one positive effect of breast feeding on infants?
Breast feeding can improve digestion and the use of ingested fuel
What effect does breast feeding have on infants' behavior?
Breast feeding makes infants more tolerant of discomfort
What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?
Breast feeding decreases the likelihood of infants becoming obese as adults
What is the connection between breast feeding and the tastes and odors experienced by infants?
Breast fed infants prefer the tastes and odors of lactating breasts
What is one possible explanation for why lactating women consume more calories than nonpregnant women?
Lactating women have higher metabolic rates than nonpregnant women
What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?
Suckling an infant decreases muscle heat generation and increases energy storage in those areas
What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?
Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat
What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?
Suckling effects decrease the woman’s energy usage, lessening the effects of the caloric drain of milk production
Which of the following is a potential benefit of breast feeding for infants?
Breast milk contains antibodies that protect the infant from infection.
What is one potential effect of breast feeding on the mother?
Breast feeding can cause the mother to gain excessive weight.
What is one difference between breast milk and formula?
Breast milk is specifically designed to meet the needs of growing infants.
Which of the following is a potential effect of breast feeding on infants?
Improved digestion and use of ingested fuel
What is one potential benefit of breast feeding in relation to adulthood obesity?
Breast-fed infants are less likely to become obese
What is one possible explanation for the relationship between breast feeding and later obesity?
Infants who are breast fed consume fewer ounces of formula
What is one interesting aspect of how breast feeding can influence infants?
The preference for the odors of lactating breasts
What is one possible reason why lactating women are better able to lose weight from their hips and abdomen?
The levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion change during lactation
What is one possible explanation for why most women who have given birth don't lose sufficient weight to return to their prepregnancy weight?
Suckling an infant decreases the woman's energy usage
What is one possible effect of the levels of bodily chemicals important in digestion changing during lactation?
Lactating women eat more and metabolize well what they eat
What effect can exercise have on menstruation?
Exercise can cause changes in the length and intensity of menstrual cycles
What is one possible effect of a lactating mother's diet on her breast milk and her infant's food preferences?
Breast milk may have different tastes and odors based on the mother's diet, which can influence the infant's food preferences.
What have experiments shown about the preferences of infants whose mothers drank carrot juice during pregnancy or lactation?
Infants showed a preference for cereal made with carrot juice.
What is the possible effect of infants accidentally fed on a formula deficient in chloride?
They have an increased preference for salty foods when they grow up.
What have researchers found regarding the ability of adults to identify breast milk from smoking women?
Adults can tell which samples of breast milk come from cigarette smoking women based on the concentration of nicotine.
Quiz: Test Your Knowledge on Maternal Nutrition and Baby Development
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