38 Questions
What is the conclusion drawn by Bowlby regarding maternal deprivation?
It has grave and far-reaching effects on a child's character and future life.
What was a common characteristic observed in children raised in correction institutions, hospitals, and without maternal care?
They grew less well and had retarded development.
What was the primary focus of Harlow's 'Monkey Love Experiments'?
To investigate the role of comfort in mother-infant bonding.
What did Harlow's research suggest about the development of a child's love for their caregiver?
It is emotional rather than physiological.
What was the outcome for monkeys that could get comfort from the towel-covered 'monkey' in Harlow's experiment?
They were better adjusted physically and mentally.
What is a common characteristic of children who experienced maternal deprivation, according to the evidence?
They were superficially friendly and unstable in their relationships.
What type of development was affected in children who experienced maternal deprivation?
Physical, emotional, or intellectual development.
What was the significance of Harlow's 'Monkey Love Experiments' in the context of maternal deprivation?
It highlighted the role of love and comfort in mother-infant bonding.
What is the primary aim of the 'Strange Situation' experiment?
To observe differences in coping with the stress of separation
What is the term used to describe the break in an infant's attachment with its main caregiver?
Deprivation
What is the role of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in attachment research?
To study the inter-generational transmission of attachment
According to the content, what is an example of a 'wild child'?
Genie
What is a factor that can influence the nature of attachment, according to the content?
The caregiver's responsiveness and sensitivity
What is the outcome of separation, according to the content?
Deprivation
Who conducted a study on the Czech twins, a case of institutionalized children?
Jarmila Koluchova
What is the reason for the institutionalization of the Czech twins in Koluchova's study?
Their mother died
What is the primary reason why infants form attachments according to Bowlby's theory?
To increase their chances of survival
In which phase of attachment formation does an infant display separation anxiety and stranger anxiety?
Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments
What is the primary focus of Bowlby's theory of attachment?
The relationship between a child and a single primary caregiver
What is the name of the procedure used to investigate attachment types?
The Strange Situation
What type of attachment do children develop according to Ainsworth's theory?
Social attachment
What is the primary limitation of Bowlby's study on attachment?
It was based on a small number of people
What is the age range of infants in Phase 2 of attachment formation?
2-7 months
What is the characteristic of Phase 4 of attachment formation?
Infant can increasingly tolerate short parental absences
What was the age of the Czech twins when they were found and rescued?
7 years old
What was the condition of the Czech twins' bones when they were rescued?
They had a lack of vitamin D (rickets)
What was the predicted outcome for the Czech twins' development?
They would remain behind in intellectual development
What was the outcome for the Czech twins' speech development by the age of 11?
Their speech was normal for their age
What is the main focus of the debate in attachment theory?
Whether attachment is innate or acquired
What is the primary role of caregivers in attachment theory?
To form the first relationships with a child
What is the outcome for children who form strong attachments with their caregivers?
They are more likely to have a normal life
What is the significance of the Czech twins' story in the context of attachment theory?
It demonstrates the possibility of recovery from attachment deprivation
What is the primary reason why human babies are dependent on others for survival?
Because they are relatively helpless.
What is the main purpose of attachment in early childhood development?
To provide a sense of security and comfort.
What is attachment theory primarily concerned with?
The explanation of emotional relationships and caregiver-infant interaction.
How do infants typically show their attachment to caregivers?
Through proximity-seeking behaviors.
What is the result of the attachment between an infant and a caregiver?
A sense of security and comfort.
Who is credited with the development of attachment theory?
John Bowlby
Study Notes
Emotional and Social Development
- Children are born with social needs and innate tendencies to seek direct contact with an adult, usually the mother.
- Human babies are relatively helpless and need others to survive.
- Emotional attachment is the first social relationship, characterized by a strong emotional bond between the infant and caregiver, providing security and comfort.
- Attachment provides a safe base for the infant to explore the world.
Attachment Theory
- Attachment theory explains emotional relationships and caregiver-infant interactions.
- It grew out of John Bowlby's studies of maternal deprivation from the 1950s.
- Infants show attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors, wanting to be near their caregivers.
Maternal Deprivation
- Maternal deprivation has grave and far-reaching effects on a child's character and future life.
- Evidence for maternal deprivation comes from:
- "Juvenile delinquents" raised in correction institutions.
- Children in hospitals for long-term care.
- Children raised without maternal care.
- These children experience:
- Stunted physical, emotional, or intellectual development.
- Superficially friendly and unstable relationships later in life.
Harlow's Experiments
- Harlow's "monkey love experiments" showed that comfort, not just food, is important for developing a bond between mother and infant.
- The need for affection creates a stronger bond between mother and infant than physical needs alone.
Bowlby's Phases of Attachment Formation
- Phase 1: Indiscriminate Sociability (0-2 months): Infant shows no preference among caregivers.
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months): Increasing preference for most familiar and responsive individuals.
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months): Infant displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months): Infant can increasingly tolerate short parental absences.
Why Infants Form Attachments
- Bowlby argued that the infant's emotional tie with its mother promotes survival.
- Forming an attachment to an adult develops a deeper parent-child relationship and increases the likelihood of survival.
Attachment Types
- There are different types of attachment, reflecting differences in patterns of interaction with the mother.
- The attachment type dictates present and future patterns of relationship.
Investigating Attachment Types
- The Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1978) is a 20-minute laboratory session used to observe differences in coping with the stress of separation.
- The situation is videotaped, and attention is paid to the child's behavior at separation and reunion.
Factors Influencing Attachment
- Caregiver's responsiveness and sensitivity.
- Baby's temperament.
- Cultural and environmental factors.
- Deprivation.
Inter-Generational Transmission of Attachment
- Childhood attachment experiences can impact adults in their attachment with their own children.
- The Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) uses current representations of past attachment experiences.
This quiz explores the concept of maternal deprivation, its effects on a child's character and future life, and the evidence supporting this theory. Based on the work of Bowlby and other research, the quiz delves into the consequences of prolonged maternal care deprivation on juvenile delinquents and more.
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