Maternal and Fetal Care Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

Inhibits uterine contractions during menstruation

Facilitates the luteal phase and ovulation (correct)

Regulates blood loss during menstruation

Promotes the maturation of ovarian follicles

Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from days 5 to 14?

Ovulatory phase

Luteal phase

Follicular proliferative phase (correct)

Menstrual phase

What happens during the menstrual phase?

Menstrual bleeding occurs as the endometrial lining sheds (correct)

Follicular growth is stimulated by increased LH levels

Hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen

The endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy

How much blood is typically lost during menstruation?

25 to 60 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications can result from cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?

Intrauterine growth restriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'nidation' in the menstrual cycle?

Describes the implantation of the embryo in the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with live virus vaccines during pregnancy?

Transmission of the virus to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the negative feedback mechanism that inhibits TSH secretion?

Increased thyroid hormones in circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions are identified as potentially teratogenic when experienced during pregnancy?

Cardiac defects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is NOT transmitted by droplet infection?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is primarily characterized by endometrial cell proliferation?

Follicular proliferative phase Signup and view all the answers

What defines menopause in women?

Cessation of menstruation for a period exceeding 12 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to occur as a result of a first-trimester herpes simplex virus infection?

Microcephaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of progesterone during pregnancy?

Maintains pregnancy by relaxing uterine smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in progesterone during early pregnancy can lead to which of the following?

Abortion Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur due to rising oxytocin levels late in pregnancy?

Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known to have an antidiuretic action during pregnancy?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary gland and plays a role in the menstrual cycle?

Gonadotropins Signup and view all the answers

What is one suggested theory for the onset of labor at term?

Drop in progesterone levels Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, what effect does estrogen have on hemoglobin levels?

Decreases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?

Stimulates follicular development in the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of positive feedback in the context of childbirth?

To amplify the body's response to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the endometrium is responsible for rebuilding after menstruation?

Basal layer Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the nerve impulse that initiates positive feedback during childbirth?

Pressure from the fetus against the cervix Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

Proliferative phase Signup and view all the answers

How thick is the functional layer of the endometrium?

2-5 mm thick Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the cuboidal ciliated epithelium layer in the endometrium?

It interacts with tubular glands Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

The endometrium is shed Signup and view all the answers

What is the average duration of the menstrual phase?

3-5 days Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age can sex differentiation be identified through UTZ?

14 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of a fetus at 32 weeks of gestation?

1,600 grams Signup and view all the answers

What role does lanugo serve for the developing fetus?

Insulates body heat Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about amniocentesis is true?

It is possible by 14-16 weeks of gestation. Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the fetal liver and pancreas start functioning?

By the end of the 12th week Signup and view all the answers

What significant physiological change occurs at 36 weeks regarding skin appearance?

Skin appears smooth and pink Signup and view all the answers

What is an active movement response expected from the fetus by 36 weeks?

Movement in response to sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the lung maturity indicated by the L/S ratio at 36 weeks?

1.2:1 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Care of the Mother and Fetus During the Perinatal Period

Prenatal care involves monitoring both the mother and fetus throughout pregnancy.
Key hormone, progesterone, relaxes smooth muscles and maintains pregnancy, crucial during early development.
Progesterone drop can lead to abortion in early pregnancy; a drop before term can cause premature labor.

Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Control

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), stimulating secretion or inhibition of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland.
Anterior pituitary secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for reproductive function.
Estrogen, secreted by ovaries and placenta, supports development of secondary sex characteristics and endometrial lining.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

Menstrual phase (Days 1-4): Shedding of uterine lining; vaginal bleeding occurs.
Follicular/proliferative phase (Days 5-14): Maturation of ovarian follicles; endometrium proliferates, preparing for potential implantation.
Luteal/secretory phase (Days 15-28): Hormonal changes lead to stabilization of the endometrium.

Menstrual Terms

Menarche: First menstrual period.
Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation for three months.
Menorrhagia: Prolonged menses; Metrorrhagia: Irregular menses.
Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, typically between ages 45-55.

Fetal Development Stages

Fetal sex can be identified at 14 weeks; testes descend into the scrotal sac.
Eight lunar months (end of 32 weeks): Infants usually survive if born, weighing about 1600 grams.
Nine lunar months (end of 36 weeks): Body is round with more subcutaneous fat; lanugo diminishes.

Infections in Pregnancy

Cytomegalovirus can cause severe infant neurological damage; transmitted via droplet infection.
Genital herpes can lead to complications in the first trimester; early screening important.
Potential teratogenic vaccines (MMR, polio, etc.) are contraindicated during pregnancy due to risk of fetal transmission.

Hormonal Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback regulates hormone production, such as thyroid hormones inhibiting TSH release.
Positive feedback amplifies hormone responses; critical during labor when uterine contractions increase due to cervical stimulation.

Endometrial Layers

Basal layer: Lowermost layer supporting new endometrium growth.
Functional layer: Thickens in response to hormones and is shed during menstruation.
Cuboidal ciliated epithelium: Protects and produces secretions in the endometrium.

Key Hormonal Functions

Estrogen increases blood coagulability by raising fibrinogen levels.
Prostaglandins and oxytocin play crucial roles in inducing labor by stimulating uterine contractions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on prenatal care and the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle. This quiz covers essential hormones like progesterone, FSH, and LH, along with the phases of the menstrual cycle. Learn about the critical periods of development and reproductive health.