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Questions and Answers
What primary focus does materials science have?
What primary focus does materials science have?
What is a significant reason materials are considered important in society?
What is a significant reason materials are considered important in society?
Why must engineers have knowledge of material properties?
Why must engineers have knowledge of material properties?
What is the relationship between processing, structure, and properties in materials science?
What is the relationship between processing, structure, and properties in materials science?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of materials engineering?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of materials engineering?
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What characterizes different material ages throughout history?
What characterizes different material ages throughout history?
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Which material age is described as being dominated by silicon?
Which material age is described as being dominated by silicon?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the hardness of materials?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the hardness of materials?
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Which of the following characteristics is true for metals?
Which of the following characteristics is true for metals?
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Which category of material has the property of being hard and brittle?
Which category of material has the property of being hard and brittle?
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What is the first step in the materials selection process for engineers?
What is the first step in the materials selection process for engineers?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of material properties?
Which of the following is NOT a category of material properties?
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Among the following properties, which would directly affect the selection of steel for a construction application?
Among the following properties, which would directly affect the selection of steel for a construction application?
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Polymers/plastics generally have which of the following characteristics?
Polymers/plastics generally have which of the following characteristics?
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What processing technique may be specified to achieve the desired set of properties for a material?
What processing technique may be specified to achieve the desired set of properties for a material?
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How does the carbon content in steel primarily affect its properties?
How does the carbon content in steel primarily affect its properties?
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How does carbon content affect the hardness of steel?
How does carbon content affect the hardness of steel?
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What effect does increasing temperature have on the resistivity of copper?
What effect does increasing temperature have on the resistivity of copper?
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Which factor causes an increase in the resistivity of copper?
Which factor causes an increase in the resistivity of copper?
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How does impurity content, such as nickel, affect the electrical resistivity of copper?
How does impurity content, such as nickel, affect the electrical resistivity of copper?
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What is the relationship between thermal conductivity and impurity content in copper?
What is the relationship between thermal conductivity and impurity content in copper?
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What does thermal conductivity measure in a material?
What does thermal conductivity measure in a material?
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Which statement is true regarding the effect of temperature on the resistivity of copper?
Which statement is true regarding the effect of temperature on the resistivity of copper?
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What happens to thermal conductivity as the composition of zinc in copper increases?
What happens to thermal conductivity as the composition of zinc in copper increases?
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What is a characteristic of polycrystalline aluminum oxide?
What is a characteristic of polycrystalline aluminum oxide?
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What effect does heat treating have on stress-corrosion cracking in steel?
What effect does heat treating have on stress-corrosion cracking in steel?
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Which of the following is true about single crystal aluminum oxide?
Which of the following is true about single crystal aluminum oxide?
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What type of cracking occurs when steel is simultaneously stressed and immersed in sea water?
What type of cracking occurs when steel is simultaneously stressed and immersed in sea water?
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Which form of aluminum oxide is characterized by porosity?
Which form of aluminum oxide is characterized by porosity?
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What is a key factor that affects light transmittance in materials?
What is a key factor that affects light transmittance in materials?
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What type of aluminum oxide is likely to be opaque?
What type of aluminum oxide is likely to be opaque?
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What is the relationship between crack growth rate and heat treatment?
What is the relationship between crack growth rate and heat treatment?
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What effect does heat treating aluminum alloy 7178 have while immersed in a saturated aqueous NaCl solution?
What effect does heat treating aluminum alloy 7178 have while immersed in a saturated aqueous NaCl solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for materials used in artificial joints?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for materials used in artificial joints?
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What is the primary purpose of the femoral stem in an artificial hip replacement?
What is the primary purpose of the femoral stem in an artificial hip replacement?
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What type of joint deterioration is typically associated with aging?
What type of joint deterioration is typically associated with aging?
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What is a characteristic of the liner in an artificial hip replacement?
What is a characteristic of the liner in an artificial hip replacement?
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What issues can arise from a hip joint fracture?
What issues can arise from a hip joint fracture?
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How does the head (ball) of an artificial joint interact with the liner?
How does the head (ball) of an artificial joint interact with the liner?
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Which of the following features is important for the materials used in an artificial joint?
Which of the following features is important for the materials used in an artificial joint?
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Study Notes
Materials Science & Engineering
- Materials Science explores the connection between material structure and properties.
- Materials Engineering applies materials science principles to create products and develop processing techniques.
Importance of Materials
- Materials are drivers of societal advancements.
- Historical eras are named after the dominant materials: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age.
- The present era could be considered the age of silicon, nanomaterials, or polymers, due to their significant impact.
Engineers & Materials
- Engineers design products, devices, and components made of materials.
- Understanding materials is crucial for engineers to choose appropriate materials and processing methods for specific applications.
- Engineers need knowledge of material properties and structure-property relationships.
Processing, Structure, & Properties
- Processing techniques impact the microstructure, which directly affects material properties.
- For example, the cooling rate of steel can influence its hardness.
Types of Materials
- Metals: Strong, ductile, good thermal and electrical conductors, opaque, reflective.
- Polymers/Plastics: Soft, ductile, low strength and density, poor thermal and electrical conductors, opaque, translucent, or transparent.
- Ceramics: Compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements, hard, brittle, poor thermal and electrical conductors, opaque, translucent, or transparent.
Materials Selection
- Engineers follow a systematic process for materials selection:
- Determine required properties: Mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
- Identify candidate materials: Based on the required properties.
- Specify processing techniques: To achieve the desired set of properties and component features.
Material Property Types
- Material properties are categorized into six types:
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Thermal
- Magnetic
- Optical
- Deteriorative
Mechanical Properties
- Example: Increasing carbon content in steel increases its hardness.
Electrical Properties
- Factors affecting electrical resistivity of copper:
- Temperature: Higher temperature, higher resistivity.
- Impurity content: Higher impurity content, higher resistivity.
- Deformation: Deformation increases resistivity.
Thermal Properties
- Thermal Conductivity measures a material's ability to conduct heat.
- Increasing impurity content generally decreases thermal conductivity.
Optical Properties
- Light transmittance of materials can vary depending on their structural characteristics:
- Single crystal aluminum oxide is transparent.
- Polycrystalline aluminum oxide with many small grains is translucent.
- Polycrystalline aluminum oxide with porosity is opaque.
Deteriorative Properties
- These relate to material degradation under various conditions.
- Example: Stress-corrosion cracking in steel can be reduced by heat treating.
Artificial Hip Replacement as an Example of Material Selection
- Hip joint issues can cause pain and disability.
- Material requirements for artificial hip replacements:
- Biocompatible: Minimizes rejection by body tissues.
- Chemically inert to body fluids.
- Mechanical strength to support forces.
- Good lubricity and high wear resistance between articulating surfaces.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of materials science and engineering, focusing on how the structure of materials influences their properties and applications. This quiz covers the historical significance of materials, the role of engineers in material selection, and the impact of processing techniques on material characteristics.
