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Questions and Answers
What effect does increasing temperature generally have on metals and alloys?
What effect does increasing temperature generally have on metals and alloys?
- It improves their strength indefinitely.
- It has no effect on their properties.
- It enhances their corrosion resistance.
- It can cause them to lose strength. (correct)
Which material is considered suitable only at low temperatures?
Which material is considered suitable only at low temperatures?
- Ceramics
- Composites
- Polymers (correct)
- Metals
What is one consequence of high temperatures on ceramics?
What is one consequence of high temperatures on ceramics?
- They become more ductile.
- They gain additional strength.
- They resist oxidation effectively.
- They can melt or change structure. (correct)
Which of the following factors must be accounted for in material design?
Which of the following factors must be accounted for in material design?
What is a characteristic of carbon-carbon composites?
What is a characteristic of carbon-carbon composites?
What caused the collapse of the World Trade Center towers?
What caused the collapse of the World Trade Center towers?
What role does cyclical stress play in material behavior?
What role does cyclical stress play in material behavior?
What happens to polymers when exposed to high temperatures?
What happens to polymers when exposed to high temperatures?
What is the primary focus of materials engineering?
What is the primary focus of materials engineering?
Which term refers to how materials are made from chemicals?
Which term refers to how materials are made from chemicals?
What is emphasized in the field of materials science?
What is emphasized in the field of materials science?
What does the term 'composition' refer to in materials science?
What does the term 'composition' refer to in materials science?
How do materials scientists and engineers establish performance characteristics?
How do materials scientists and engineers establish performance characteristics?
Which of the following best describes the term 'processing' in materials science?
Which of the following best describes the term 'processing' in materials science?
What aspect of materials science is considered particularly fascinating?
What aspect of materials science is considered particularly fascinating?
Why is understanding materials important for engineers?
Why is understanding materials important for engineers?
Which property is primarily associated with copper as a material?
Which property is primarily associated with copper as a material?
What is a major concern for engineers when developing devices using semiconducting polymers?
What is a major concern for engineers when developing devices using semiconducting polymers?
Which of the following materials is used in optoelectronic systems?
Which of the following materials is used in optoelectronic systems?
What property makes barium titanate suitable for capacitors in microelectronics?
What property makes barium titanate suitable for capacitors in microelectronics?
Which of the following polymers is known for being moisture-resistant and electrically insulating?
Which of the following polymers is known for being moisture-resistant and electrically insulating?
What characteristic is typical of materials classified as ceramics and glasses?
What characteristic is typical of materials classified as ceramics and glasses?
What is a defining characteristic of alloy steels?
What is a defining characteristic of alloy steels?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting materials for a design problem?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting materials for a design problem?
Which material is best known for its use in food packaging due to its properties?
Which material is best known for its use in food packaging due to its properties?
What is a significant advantage of using aluminum over steel in design?
What is a significant advantage of using aluminum over steel in design?
What is a key requirement for the development of semiconducting polymer devices?
What is a key requirement for the development of semiconducting polymer devices?
Which material is commonly used in aerospace applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio?
Which material is commonly used in aerospace applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio?
Which property is NOT typically associated with metals and alloys?
Which property is NOT typically associated with metals and alloys?
Why might an engineer choose to use composite materials over aluminum despite their higher cost?
Why might an engineer choose to use composite materials over aluminum despite their higher cost?
Material selection often requires trade-offs between which of the following?
Material selection often requires trade-offs between which of the following?
What role does environmental consideration play in material selection?
What role does environmental consideration play in material selection?
Density is important in material selection because it affects:
Density is important in material selection because it affects:
What is one of the key considerations for engineers when designing aerospace vehicles?
What is one of the key considerations for engineers when designing aerospace vehicles?
What prevents graphite from being as strong as diamond?
What prevents graphite from being as strong as diamond?
Which of the following properties of diamond is a result of its covalent bonding?
Which of the following properties of diamond is a result of its covalent bonding?
What type of atomic arrangement is present in graphite?
What type of atomic arrangement is present in graphite?
At what temperature range does the boiling point of the specified chemicals lie?
At what temperature range does the boiling point of the specified chemicals lie?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of the three grades of polymers mentioned?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of the three grades of polymers mentioned?
What is one major difference between diamond and graphite?
What is one major difference between diamond and graphite?
Which material is known for excellent thermal conductivity but poor electrical conductivity?
Which material is known for excellent thermal conductivity but poor electrical conductivity?
Which reference site is suggested for determining the enthalpy of vaporization of pure acetic acid?
Which reference site is suggested for determining the enthalpy of vaporization of pure acetic acid?
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Study Notes
Materials Science and Engineering
- Definition: Interdisciplinary field that studies and controls the composition and structure of materials to achieve specific properties.
- Composition: Refers to the chemical makeup of a material.
- Structure: Relates to the arrangement of atoms within a material at different levels of detail.
- Synthesis: How materials are made from raw chemicals.
- Processing: How materials are shaped into useful components and how this affects material properties.
- Focus of MSE: Understanding and establishing the relationship between material properties, performance, microstructure, composition, synthesis, and processing
- Materials science emphasizes: The connection between synthesis, processing, structure, and properties.
- Materials engineering focuses on: Transforming materials into useful devices or structures.
Material Classification
- Metals and alloys:
- Examples: Copper, gray cast iron, alloy steels.
- Properties: High electrical conductivity, good formability (metals), castability, machinability, vibration-damping (alloys).
- Ceramics and glasses:
- Examples: Window glass (SiO2-Na2O-CaO), refractories (Al2O3, MgO, SiO2), barium titanate, silica.
- Properties: Optically transparent, thermally insulating, high-temperature resistance (ceramics), charge storage (barium titanate), refractive index (silica).
- Polymers:
- Examples: Polyethylene, epoxy, phenolics.
- Properties: Easy formability into films, electrical insulation, moisture resistance, strength.
- Semiconductors:
- Examples: Silicon, GaAs.
- Properties: Unique electrical behavior (silicon), converts electrical energy to light (GaAs).
Environmental and Other Effects
- Temperature: Changes in temperature significantly impact material properties. For example, heat may weaken metals or cause polymers to melt or char.
- Other environmental effects: Corrosion, oxidation, repeated stresses, and impact can also alter material properties.
- Design Considerations: Choosing the right material involves balancing properties, processing, and cost.
- Weight considerations: Densities of materials greatly impact cost and performance. Aluminum, for example, may be heavier than steel, but its lower density makes it cheaper for some applications.
- Composites: Often chosen for their high strength-to-weight ratio, even though their initial cost may be higher.
Structure-Property Relationships
- Diamond and graphite both consist of pure carbon but have vastly different properties.
- Diamond's strong covalent bonds contribute to its high strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and poor electrical conductivity.
- Graphite's layered structure with weaker bonds between layers accounts for its ability to be easily sheared, lower thermal conductivity, and high electrical conductivity.
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