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CE 222 Construction Materials and Testing Module No.1 CHAPTER 1 c ___________ TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING
CE 222 Construction Materials and Testing Module No.1 CHAPTER 1 c ___________ TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING
INTRODUCTION
A basic function of civil and construction engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of ___________
A basic function of civil and construction engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of ___________
society
The infrastructure includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and ___________
The infrastructure includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and ___________
pavements
Most civil and construction engineers are concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of ___________
Most civil and construction engineers are concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of ___________
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There are more than 50,000 materials available to the ___________
There are more than 50,000 materials available to the ___________
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During World War II, one class of welded merchant ship suffered heavy losses due to low ___________ toughness of the steel
During World War II, one class of welded merchant ship suffered heavy losses due to low ___________ toughness of the steel
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WEIGHING SCALE – used to measure weight of ______ to be tested.
WEIGHING SCALE – used to measure weight of ______ to be tested.
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DENSITY BUCKET – used to measure ______ materials such as cement, sand, aggregates’ volume density.
DENSITY BUCKET – used to measure ______ materials such as cement, sand, aggregates’ volume density.
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MOLD and TAMPER – Used to determine bulk and apparent specific gravity and absorption of ______.
MOLD and TAMPER – Used to determine bulk and apparent specific gravity and absorption of ______.
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CONCRETE CYLINDER MOLDS – are used to create cylinder test ______.
CONCRETE CYLINDER MOLDS – are used to create cylinder test ______.
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BEAM MOLD – used to prepare ______ specimens for flexural testing of ______ beams.
BEAM MOLD – used to prepare ______ specimens for flexural testing of ______ beams.
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SIEVE SET – tool for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample of aggregates, sand, and other ______.
SIEVE SET – tool for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample of aggregates, sand, and other ______.
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It is expressed in % of weight of dry material. It depends upon the size, shape, and number of pores of material. Water permeability - The ability of a material to permit water through it is called water ______.
It is expressed in % of weight of dry material. It depends upon the size, shape, and number of pores of material. Water permeability - The ability of a material to permit water through it is called water ______.
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Dense materials like glass, metals, etc. are called impervious materials which cannot allow water through it. Refractoriness - The property of a material which cannot melt or lose its shape at prolonged high temperatures (1580°C or more). Example: fire clay is a high refractory material. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A material subject to external forces which stretch it is said to be in ______, when subject to forces which squeeze, to be in ______.
Dense materials like glass, metals, etc. are called impervious materials which cannot allow water through it. Refractoriness - The property of a material which cannot melt or lose its shape at prolonged high temperatures (1580°C or more). Example: fire clay is a high refractory material. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A material subject to external forces which stretch it is said to be in ______, when subject to forces which squeeze, to be in ______.
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In discussing the application of forces to materials, the concern is the force applied per unit area, this being termed the ______.
In discussing the application of forces to materials, the concern is the force applied per unit area, this being termed the ______.
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When a material is subject to tensile or compressive forces, it changes in length, the term ______, symbol ε, is used for the change in length/original length.
When a material is subject to tensile or compressive forces, it changes in length, the term ______, symbol ε, is used for the change in length/original length.
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Since strain is a ratio of two lengths, it has no units. However, strain is frequently expressed as a percentage, i.e., the percentage change in length. Strength – this is the ability of it to resist the application of forces without ______.
Since strain is a ratio of two lengths, it has no units. However, strain is frequently expressed as a percentage, i.e., the percentage change in length. Strength – this is the ability of it to resist the application of forces without ______.
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Metals like copper, aluminum and iron have much higher electrical conductivities than ceramics, plastics, glass and ___________.
Metals like copper, aluminum and iron have much higher electrical conductivities than ceramics, plastics, glass and ___________.
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Linear expansivity (α)- or also known as coefficient of linear expansion is a measure of the amount by which a length of material expands when the temperature increases. It is defined as: and has the unit of ________-1.
Linear expansivity (α)- or also known as coefficient of linear expansion is a measure of the amount by which a length of material expands when the temperature increases. It is defined as: and has the unit of ________-1.
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Heat Capacity (c)- is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object by 1 K. The specific heat capacity c is the amount of heat needed per kilogram of material to raise the temperature by 1 K, hence: It has the unit of J kg-1 ________-1.
Heat Capacity (c)- is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object by 1 K. The specific heat capacity c is the amount of heat needed per kilogram of material to raise the temperature by 1 K, hence: It has the unit of J kg-1 ________-1.
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Weight-for-weight, metals require less heat to reach a particular temperature than plastics, e.g., copper has a specific heat capacity of about 340 J kg-1 K-1, while polythene is about ________ J kg-1 K-1.
Weight-for-weight, metals require less heat to reach a particular temperature than plastics, e.g., copper has a specific heat capacity of about 340 J kg-1 K-1, while polythene is about ________ J kg-1 K-1.
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Thermal Conductivity λ - is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat and is defined in terms of the quantity of heat that will flow per second divided by the temperature gradient, i.e.: and has a unit of W m-1 ________-1.
Thermal Conductivity λ - is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat and is defined in terms of the quantity of heat that will flow per second divided by the temperature gradient, i.e.: and has a unit of W m-1 ________-1.
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Toxicity - A measure of a material’s ability to damage or disrupt the metabolism of living tissue; can be acute or chronic; can be administered by contact, inhalation, _________, or injection.
Toxicity - A measure of a material’s ability to damage or disrupt the metabolism of living tissue; can be acute or chronic; can be administered by contact, inhalation, _________, or injection.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic ______ and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes ______ made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all ______, not just transparent ______. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic ______ and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes ______ made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all ______, not just transparent ______. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just ______ materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just ______ materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just __________ materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just __________ materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the ______ series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical re______ by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the ______ series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical re______ by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the __________ series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an electrochemical process that is closely related to the __________ series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an __________ process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Chemical Resistance - A material’s ability to withstand degradation from acids, solvents, water, or oxygen; generally marked by weight change, discoloration, cracking, or change in mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is an __________ process that is closely related to the activity series. Combustibility is a material’s ability to catch fire and burn; important for organic materials and reactive metals. Passivity is the loss of chemical reactivity by some active metals and alloys, frequently by formation of a thin oxide surface coating. Biocompatibility is the use in or on the human body without eliciting a rejection response from the surrounding body tissues; includes materials made of polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. Optical properties relate to a material’s response to electromagnetic radiation, primarily visible light. Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Optical properties are important for all materials, not just transparent materials. Transmissivity is a measure of a material’s ability to allow the passage of light; the ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
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