Material Management in Laboratories
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of Quality Assurance (QA)?

  • Evaluating individual technician performance.
  • Improving the processes involved. (correct)
  • Ensuring the product meets standards.
  • Reactively addressing quality failures.

    • Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Quality Control (QC)?

  • Evaluates product quality after delivery. (correct)
  • Focuses on patient satisfaction.
  • Proactively prevents issues.
  • Involves setting performance objectives.

    • How does Management by Objectives (MBO) relate to quality in healthcare?

  • It sets performance objectives to measure service delivery. (correct)
  • It replaces Quality Assurance processes entirely.
  • It establishes procedures to evaluate patient outcomes.
  • It is solely focused on individual technician outputs.

    • What major indicator reflects the quality of service in healthcare according to the 1995 JCAHO standards?

    <p>The level of patient care provided. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect often overlooked by the QA model in assessing quality?

    <p>System troubleshooting capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical method is crucial in the application of Quality Control?

    <p>Control chart analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to document improvement as part of the quality evaluation process?

    <p>To track effectiveness of corrective actions taken. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the traditional QC model in quality management?

    <p>It can fail to enhance troubleshooting capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should replace dependence on inspection to enhance quality in an organization?

    <p>Quality through prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is recommended to reduce costs in sourcing for quality improvement?

    <p>Use a single supplier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Deming's 7 deadly diseases of management?

    <p>Emphasis on long-term outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical measurement is commonly used for quality assessment in laboratory settings?

    <p>Mean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is suggested to improve leadership within an organization?

    <p>Drive out fear among employees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of removing annual ratings or the merit system from employee evaluations?

    <p>To foster a collaborative work environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coefficient of variance (CV) measure in quality control?

    <p>Variability relative to the mean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the continuous involvement of all workers in transformation processes?

    <p>Employee engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the shape of the gaussian distribution curve reveal about data problems?

    <p>It can signal non-representative data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of proficiency surveys in external quality assessment programs?

    <p>To analyze and compare blind specimens sent by agencies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of skewed curves on data interpretation?

    <p>They can lead to misleading inferences about data trends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of errors can lead to flawed data in statistical evaluations?

    <p>Technical and process-related errors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspects are typically part of hospital quality assurance programs?

    <p>Accreditation and proficiency testing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can control charts like Levey-Jennings help in quality evaluation?

    <p>They visualize trends and discrepancies in data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of external quality assessment programs?

    <p>Proficiency Surveys and Licensure/Accreditation Programs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if problems in data sampling or processes are not rectified?

    <p>They can result in misleading conclusions about quality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Deming's 7 Deadly Diseases

    Seven management practices that hinder quality improvement.

    Lack of constancy of purpose

    Changing goals or priorities frequently.

    Emphasis on short-term profits

    Focusing on immediate gains over long-term success.

    Evaluation by performance, merit rating, or annual review of performance

    Judging performance based on yearly evaluations.

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    Basic Quality Control Statistics

    Essential statistical tools for quality assessment.

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    Mean (x̄)

    Arithmetic average of data values.

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    Coefficient of Variation (CV)

    Ratio of standard deviation to the mean.

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    Standard Deviation (SD)

    Measure of the amount of variation or dispersion from the mean.

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    Quality assurance (QA)

    A proactive approach to quality that focuses on the entire process and seeks to prevent errors before they occur.

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    Quality control (QC)

    A reactive approach to quality that focuses on detecting errors after they have occurred through using statistical methods.

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    Management by objectives (MBO)

    A management approach where goals are set and progress is measured towards achieving them.

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    What is the difference between Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA)?

    QC is reactive, focused on detecting errors after they occur, while QA is proactive, focusing on preventing errors before they occur.

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    How does the JCAHO standard relate to QC and MBO?

    The 1995 JCAHO standards shifted the focus back to the principles of QC and MBO emphasizing setting performance objectives and measuring their achievement.

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    Why is patient care the true indicator of quality service?

    Quality service in healthcare ultimately means delivering the best possible care to patients, not just individual tasks being performed well.

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    What is the major contribution of QA?

    QA highlighted that the true indicator of quality service in healthcare is patient care.

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    What is the limitation of the QA model?

    While an improvement over QC, QA emphasized outcomes but failed to improve system troubleshooting capabilities or fully incorporate the patient's perspective.

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    Control Charts

    Graphical tools used to monitor and track the consistency of a process over time. They help identify trends, shifts, and outliers in data.

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    Skewed Curves

    Distributions that deviate from the symmetrical bell-shaped curve, indicating a problem with the data, such as a non-representative sample or errors.

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    Proficiency Surveys

    External quality assessment programs where laboratories receive blind specimens to test and compare their results with others.

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    Licensure and Accreditation Programs

    External reviews involving on-site inspections to assess laboratories' compliance with regulations and standards.

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    What are the two types of external quality assessment programs?

    Proficiency Surveys and Licensure and Accreditation Programs

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    What can skewed curves indicate about data?

    Skewed curves indicate potential problems with data accuracy, usually due to a non-representative sample or errors in the process.

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    Why are control charts important in quality control?

    Control charts help identify trends, shifts, and outliers in data, allowing for early detection and correction of problems, improving the overall quality of laboratory tests.

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    What is the difference between Proficiency Surveys and Accreditation/Licensure Programs?

    Proficiency Surveys focus on blind specimen analysis and comparison with other labs, while Accreditation/Licensure Programs involve on-site inspections to assess compliance with regulations.

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    Study Notes

    Material Management

    • Supplies are the second largest laboratory expense, after labor.
    • Material management is a system for acquiring and using supplies efficiently.
    • A centralized material management department is divided into purchasing and stockroom sections.
    • Purchasing handles vendor orders and invoices.
    • Stockroom manages inventory levels and distribution.
    • Key material management goals include timely supply delivery, minimizing spoilage, avoiding backorders, maximizing storage space utilization, and minimizing financial investment in inventory.

    Goals of Material Management

    • Supplies arrive on time.
    • Spoilage is minimized
    • Backorders and delays are avoided.
    • Storage space is used effectively.
    • The most economically advantageous price is obtained.
    • Financial resources are not tied up in inventory.

    Supplies

    • Supplies are products meeting specific time and price criteria.
    • Items consumed within a year or with a shelf life under a year (e.g., reagents, rapid tests) are considered supplies.
    • Items costing under $1000 are considered supplies, even if used for several years (e.g., micropipettes).

    Capital Items

    • Items exceeding the criteria for supplies are capital items (e.g., laboratory analyzers).

    Purchasing Documents

    • Request for Purchase - an interim document initiating the ordering process.
    • Purchase Order - a formal order committing the organization to purchase.
    • Traveling Requisition - a catalog of stocked products for departmental requests; tracked and charged to individual departments monthly.

    Standing Orders

    • Standing orders are for frequently ordered items with predictable usage or short shelf lives.
    • Vendors deliver products in accordance with predefined schedules.
    • This streamlines ordering and reduces lead times.
    • The advantage is timely delivery, bulk discounts, efficient vendor management of inventory.

    Inventory Management

    • Perpetual system - tracks inventory each time a product is issued or received.
    • Periodic system - counts and orders at specified times.
    • Random checks - confirm perpetual system accuracy.

    Inventory Management Tools

    • Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) - the optimal quantity to order at one time.
    • Economic Ordering Point (EOP) - the point at which inventory should be reordered to prevent shortage.
    • Optimal Reorder Time (ROT) - the ideal time to place an order to utilize EOQ and EOP benefits.

    Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement

    • Quality Control (QC) evaluates specific components of quality in products and services.
    • Quality Assurance (QA) assesses the entire organization's quality.
    • QA focuses on outcomes (patient care).
    • QC focuses on products.
    • Management by Objectives (MBO) established performance goals and then metrics.
    • Total Quality Management (TQM) satisfies customers' needs.
    • Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) continuously monitors and improves quality.

    Quality Assessment and Improvement (QA&I)

    • Defining "quality" is difficult and evolving.
    • Historically, quality assessment encompassed statistical tools that evaluated products (QC) and the entire organization's quality (QA).
    • QA&I incorporates both concepts-quality improvement is a continuous process.

    Safety Management and Workplace Hazards

    • Individual worker responsibility for safety and following established workplace safety procedures is crucial.
    • Employers are responsible for creating clear safety policies, providing employee safety training, and providing adequate equipment and facilities.
    • Employee compliance with company safety policies is essential.
    • Structural separations may be necessary to prevent cross-contamination between different tasks/activities and hazardous materials.
    • Proper fire prevention is essential- including careful handling of flammables, readily available fire extinguishers, and designated evacuation procedures.
    • Electrical safety measures, proper personal protective equipment and disposal procedures need to be addressed and strictly adhered to.
    • Emergency procedures, including first aid supplies, access to safety personnel and appropriate communication networks are crucial in case of accidents.

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    Related Documents

    MT 105 Material Management Lecture 8 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the key principles of material management, particularly in laboratory settings. It covers aspects such as inventory control, supply acquisition, and the financial implications of managing supplies. Test your knowledge on efficiently using resources and minimizing costs in laboratory operations.

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