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Questions and Answers
What does Bateman's hypothesis suggest about the reproductive limits of males and females?
What does Bateman's hypothesis suggest about the reproductive limits of males and females?
In the context of sexual selection, what is meant by operational sex ratio?
In the context of sexual selection, what is meant by operational sex ratio?
Which selection process is primarily responsible for smaller gametes having a numerical advantage?
Which selection process is primarily responsible for smaller gametes having a numerical advantage?
According to the Parental Investment Theory, which sex is likely to be choosier in mate selection?
According to the Parental Investment Theory, which sex is likely to be choosier in mate selection?
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What is the main factor influencing male mate choice in pipefish?
What is the main factor influencing male mate choice in pipefish?
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What is a key factor that influences female fitness according to the Emlen and Oring model?
What is a key factor that influences female fitness according to the Emlen and Oring model?
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Which mating system involves one male mating with multiple females?
Which mating system involves one male mating with multiple females?
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In mosquitofish, what happens if a male observes a rival near a preferred female?
In mosquitofish, what happens if a male observes a rival near a preferred female?
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What is the primary benefit of promiscuity in a social living environment?
What is the primary benefit of promiscuity in a social living environment?
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What evolutionary advantage does polyandry provide concerning parental care?
What evolutionary advantage does polyandry provide concerning parental care?
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What does female defense polygyny involve?
What does female defense polygyny involve?
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Which of the following statements about reed warblers and their mating strategy is correct?
Which of the following statements about reed warblers and their mating strategy is correct?
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What factors lead to the evolution of polygyny according to the content provided?
What factors lead to the evolution of polygyny according to the content provided?
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What is the primary benefit of pair guarding in snapping shrimp?
What is the primary benefit of pair guarding in snapping shrimp?
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In the context of horses, what does the term 'female defense polygyny' refer to?
In the context of horses, what does the term 'female defense polygyny' refer to?
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According to the polygyny threshold model, under what circumstances do females prefer to mate polygynously?
According to the polygyny threshold model, under what circumstances do females prefer to mate polygynously?
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Which hypothesis explains why subordinate males stay near dominant males in leks?
Which hypothesis explains why subordinate males stay near dominant males in leks?
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What is a consequence of polyandry mentioned in the content?
What is a consequence of polyandry mentioned in the content?
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What happens to female attraction in leks when a dominant male is removed based on the hotspot hypothesis?
What happens to female attraction in leks when a dominant male is removed based on the hotspot hypothesis?
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Which statement best describes the behavior of carrion beetles in regards to polygyny?
Which statement best describes the behavior of carrion beetles in regards to polygyny?
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What is primarily observed in the mating system of peafowl?
What is primarily observed in the mating system of peafowl?
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What is the primary reason female guppies prefer orange coloration in males?
What is the primary reason female guppies prefer orange coloration in males?
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In the context of sexual selection, what does Zahavi's handicap principle suggest?
In the context of sexual selection, what does Zahavi's handicap principle suggest?
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What role do nuptial gifts play in butterfly mating behavior?
What role do nuptial gifts play in butterfly mating behavior?
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Which hypothesis suggests that females prefer males that exhibit costly, secondary traits due to their immunocompetence?
Which hypothesis suggests that females prefer males that exhibit costly, secondary traits due to their immunocompetence?
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How does cryptic female choice function in the context of sperm storage in spiders?
How does cryptic female choice function in the context of sperm storage in spiders?
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What might be a result of predation risk in female guppies when selecting mates?
What might be a result of predation risk in female guppies when selecting mates?
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In tree frogs, what characteristic do females tend to prefer in male vocalizations?
In tree frogs, what characteristic do females tend to prefer in male vocalizations?
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Which reproductive strategy involves males that stay near dominant males and rely on their presence for successful mating?
Which reproductive strategy involves males that stay near dominant males and rely on their presence for successful mating?
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What does the Fisher model suggest regarding the evolution of mating preferences?
What does the Fisher model suggest regarding the evolution of mating preferences?
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What is the benefit of increased parental care in male tree swallows after frequent copulations?
What is the benefit of increased parental care in male tree swallows after frequent copulations?
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Study Notes
Mate Competition and Choice
- Intrasexual selection is competition among members of the same sex for mates.
- Intersexual selection is mate choice by one sex for members of the opposite sex.
- Anisogamy is the difference in gamete size between sexes (males produce many small gametes, females produce few large gametes).
- Geoff Parker Model explains the evolution of anisogamy.
- Bateman's Hypothesis suggests that reproductive success in males is more variable than in females.
- Parental Investment Theory posits that the sex investing more in offspring will be choosier in mate selection.
Sensory Bias Hypothesis
- Female preferences for male traits can be a byproduct of pre-existing sensory biases.
- Male traits evolve to match these biases (e.g., Guppies preferring orange coloration).
Alternative Reproductive Tactics
- Conditional strategies where individuals adopt different mating tactics based on conditions (e.g., sneaker males in some species).
- Satellite Males (conditional strategy)
- Sneaker Males (hide and fertilize)
Sexual Selection After Mating
- Cryptic female choice is when females influence offspring success after mating.
- Mate Copying is when females copy the mating choices of other females.
Mating Systems
- Monogamy (one male, one female)
- Polygyny (one male, multiple females)
- Polyandry (one female, multiple males)
- Polygynandry (multiple males, multiple females)
- Resource Defense Polygyny
- Female Defense Polygyny
- Leks (display areas where males compete for mates)
- Hotspot Hypothesis
- Hotshot Hypothesis
Polyandry and Sex Role Reversal
- Andersson's 3-step hypothesis for polyandry.
Promiscuity
- Scramble competition is indirect competition among individuals to gain multiple copulations.
Non-independent Mate Choice
- Males may choose females based on their proximity to other females.
EPC (Extra Pair Copulations)
- EPCs (extra-pair copulations) are copulations outside of the main mating pair.
Monogamy
- Monogamy is when one male and one female are paired.
- Monogamy is affected by habitat quality and predation risk.
Other Important Concepts
- Nuptial Gifts (e.g., spermatophores) are gifts given by males to females to increase their mating success.
- Weapons and Ornaments are traits used in competition for mates.
- Runaway Selection is an evolutionary process where a trait and the female preference for that trait jointly increase in expression.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of mate competition and selection with this quiz. Delve into intrasexual and intersexual selection, anisogamy, and parental investment theory. Test your understanding of key models and hypotheses that explain reproductive strategies in various species.
