Mastering the Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor

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Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein (correct)

Right ventricle

Aorta

What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide (correct)

To remove carbon dioxide from the blood

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

To receive output from the left ventricle

Which segment of the vascular system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit?

Arteries

Pulmonary circulation (correct)

Veins

Systemic circulation

What is the purpose of blood flow redistribution during exercise and rest?

To adapt to the tissues' metabolic needs Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II?

V1 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis of autoregulation suggests that decreased pressure and flow result in buildup of vasodilator metabolites that produce vasodilation?

Metabolic hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1 (ET1)?

ETA receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on vascular resistance on a minute-to-minute basis?

Radius of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the primary site of vascular resistance maintaining normal blood pressure?

Arterioles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure?

Vasopressin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following endothelial factors is responsible for vasodilation?

Nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

According to the Law of Laplace, which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure, causing a vicious cycle of dilation, increased radius, increased tension, and ultimately a weakened wall?

Aneurysm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood vessels are less compliant than veins but are subjected to greater pressure changes as they receive the stroke volume of the heart during systole?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels contain an abundance of elastic fibers that stretch during systole and return to their original shape and size during diastole, helping to maintain diastolic blood pressure and tissue perfusion between heart beats?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

In turbulent flow, such as downstream from an atherosclerotic plaque and in areas of vascular branching, what happens to endothelial shear stress, leading to decreased nitric oxide production?

Endothelial shear stress is reduced Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to areas with greater metabolic need. This is an adaptive mechanism that ensures that blood is being directed to areas with increased activity.

Redistribution of blood flow ensures that blood is directed to areas with decreased metabolic need during times of increased activity Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels contains concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of systemic vascular resistance in the circulatory system?

Arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between vascular pressure and the development of tension in the blood vessel wall?

Increased pressure and decreased radius increase wall tension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a compensatory response to an acute drop in blood pressure?

Increased firing of sympathetic nerves to the kidney stimulating renin release Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the patient's fainting spell?

Vasovagal Syncope Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis of hypertension origin suggests an initial defect in sodium and water retention that increases vascular volume and cardiac output?

Generalized autoregulation hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to hypertension seen as a component of the metabolic syndrome?

Increased sympathetic tone Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hypertension according to the book?

<blockquote> 130 mm Hg systolic or >80 mm Hg diastolic pressure </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the efferent limb of the reflex arc in the baroreflex compensatory response?

Increased firing of sympathetic fibers to vascular smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mediators is responsible for preventing orthostatic hypotension?

Vasopressin Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is released from the cardiac atria/ventricles in response to stretch and increases in heart failure?

Atrial natriuretic peptide/BNP Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is tonically produced by normal endothelial cells and promotes vasodilation?

Nitric oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is released by mast cells in areas of trauma or allergic responses and contributes to inflammatory and allergic vasodilation?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers