Mastering Taxonomy

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Questions and Answers

Which scientist developed the idea of natural selection independently of Darwin?

  • Mendel
  • Wallace (correct)
  • Lamarck
  • Darwin

What is the term for a trait shared by different species because they both inherited it from a common ancestor?

  • Inherited trait
  • Homologous trait (correct)
  • Analogous trait
  • Adaptive trait

Which of the following is an example of a homologous trait?

  • Eyes of a human and eyes of a fish (correct)
  • Fins of a fish and flippers of a dolphin
  • Legs of a spider and legs of a horse
  • Wings of a bird and wings of a butterfly

What is the term for a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction?

<p>Genetic drift (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is speciation?

<p>The formation of new populations from an original population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phylogeny?

<p>The representation of evolutionary history (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two domains of life are more closely related?

<p>Archaea and Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to changes in the frequency of genes in a population?

<p>Microevolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution?

<p>Macroevolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

<p>The process of organisms adapting to their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions required for natural selection to occur?

<p>Struggle for existence, variation, and inheritance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the individual level in natural selection?

<p>Individuals become better suited to their environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the population level in natural selection?

<p>Favorable traits are passed down from generation to generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example from the lecture demonstrates natural selection in action?

<p>Peppered moths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major vertebrate group is characterized by having a water vascular system and radial symmetry?

<p>Echinoderms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major vertebrate group is warm-blooded and possesses feathers?

<p>Birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major vertebrate group is characterized by having scales or bony plates and breathing through lungs?

<p>Reptiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major vertebrate group typically begins life with gills and then develops lungs?

<p>Amphibians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major vertebrate group is characterized by being aquatic and having gills for respiration?

<p>Fish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of flatworms (Platyhelminthes)?

<p>Flat body shape and simple, unsegmented structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of annelids?

<p>Segmented body with repeating structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of nematodes?

<p>Lack of segments and a pseudocoelom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of arthropods?

<p>Segmented body with repeating structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of bacteria?

<p>Genetic and biochemical distinction from archaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of leaves in plants?

<p>Perform photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants is characterized by the presence of true roots, stems, and leaves?

<p>Ferns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of gymnosperms?

<p>Presence of &quot;naked&quot; seeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of animals lacks true tissues and organs?

<p>Sponges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cnidarians?

<p>Radial symmetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of fungi composed of?

<p>Hyphae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Evolution

  • Alfred Russel Wallace developed the idea of natural selection independently of Darwin
  • A trait shared by different species because they both inherited it from a common ancestor is called a homologous trait
  • An example of a homologous trait is the forelimbs of vertebrates (e.g., humans, birds, whales)
  • Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction
  • Speciation is the process by which a new species emerges from an existing one
  • A phylogeny is a diagram showing the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

  • Microevolution refers to changes in the frequency of genes in a population
  • Macroevolution refers to the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution

Natural Selection

  • Natural selection is the process by which organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • Conditions required for natural selection to occur: variation in population, heritability, differential reproduction, and adaptation to environment
  • At the individual level, natural selection leads to increased reproductive success of individuals with advantageous traits
  • At the population level, natural selection leads to a change in the frequency of alleles in the population

Vertebrates

  • Echinoderms (e.g., starfish, sea urchins) are characterized by having a water vascular system and radial symmetry
  • Birds are warm-blooded and possess feathers
  • Reptiles are characterized by having scales or bony plates and breathing through lungs
  • Amphibians typically begin life with gills and then develop lungs
  • Fish are characterized by being aquatic and having gills for respiration

Invertebrates

  • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are characterized by having a flat, Bilaterally symmetrical body
  • Annelids (segmented worms) are characterized by having a segmented body
  • Nematodes are characterized by having a long, unsegmented body
  • Arthropods are characterized by having jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton

Microorganisms

  • Bacteria are characterized by their lack of membrane-bound organelles

Plants

  • Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis
  • Plants with true roots, stems, and leaves are characterized as vascular plants
  • Gymnosperms are characterized by producing seeds but not fruits or flowers

Fungi

  • Fungi are characterized by having a mycelium, a mass of branching hyphae

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