Mastering T-scan
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Questions and Answers

Which technology revolutionized the development of OCT imaging?

  • Time Domain
  • Spectral Domain (correct)
  • Interactive Scheme
  • Gray Scale

What is the key advantage of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

  • Greater acquisition speed (correct)
  • Better signal to noise ratio
  • Greater axial and transverse resolution
  • Greater diagnosis accuracy

How much faster is the acquisition speed of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

  • 100 times (correct)
  • 70 times
  • 50 times
  • 10 times

What is the practical consequence of the reduction in A-scan acquisition speeds in Spectral Domain OCT?

<p>Higher resolutions and greater detail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

<p>Highlighting details with a constant presence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology helps protect images from motion artifacts in Spectral Domain OCT?

<p>Eye-tracking system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first described the use of optical interferometry?

<p>Simonsohn et al. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When were the first in vivo images of eye tissue using OCT published?

<p>1993 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company produced the first OCT system available on the market?

<p>Humphrey Instruments, Inc. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology was used for image acquisition in the first OCT system?

<p>Time Domain technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which OCT machine made OCT extremely common and part of everyday clinical practice?

<p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

<p>Evaluation of drugs and treatments for diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology revolutionized the OCT world by reducing image acquisition time and increasing resolution and quality?

<p>Spectral Domain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which companies are market leaders in producing OCT machines?

<p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between A-scan and B-scan in OCT technology?

<p>A-scan provides a one-dimensional image, while B-scan provides a two-dimensional image (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a volume in OCT technology?

<p>A 3-D reconstruction of the anatomical portion studied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are en face images in OCT technology?

<p>Images that provide a frontal section of the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Spectralis OCT generate in addition to conventional tomography?

<p>Coronal retinal scans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scanning software builds up a curved surface adapting it to the layers of the retina?

<p>T-scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of images are obtained with perfectly flat coronal sections and reconstructions provided by software processing scans on a frontal plane at a 90° angle to the B-scan?

<p>C-scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of retina visualization software creates a 3D reconstruction of the various tissues and adapts them to the profile of the analyzed structure?

<p>T-scan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the wavelength of the low coherence light emitted by the superluminescent diode used as the light source in OCT?

<p>Approximately 800 nanometers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In OCT, what is the purpose of the reference mirror?

<p>To reflect the second beam back to the instrument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) and Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT)?

<p>TD-OCT requires shifting the reference mirror, while SD-OCT does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is considered the most reliable method for compensating for eye movement during OCT image acquisition?

<p>Heidelberg TruTrack system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

<p>Higher signal penetration through probed tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of eye-tracking technology in OCT machines?

<p>To compensate for eye movement during scanning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) in SD-OCT?

<p>To visualize deeper structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has led to a decline in the usage of Time Domain OCT?

<p>Advancements in technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a good understanding of both Time Domain and Spectral Domain OCT systems?

<p>To be aware of their potential advantages and limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology was used for image acquisition in the first OCT system?

<p>Time Domain technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When were the first in vivo images of eye tissue using OCT published?

<p>1993 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which OCT machine made OCT extremely common and part of everyday clinical practice?

<p>Stratus OCT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

<p>Evaluation of drugs and treatments for diabetic macular edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology revolutionized the development of OCT imaging?

<p>Spectral Domain technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

<p>Faster image acquisition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of eye-tracking technology in OCT machines?

<p>To protect images from motion artifacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Spectral Domain OCT improve the quality of scans compared to Time Domain OCT?

<p>By improving the signal to noise ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of OCT technology uses a moving reference mirror to obtain depth information?

<p>Time Domain OCT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

<p>Faster image acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of OCT visualization software creates a 3D reconstruction of the retina and adapts it to the profile of the analyzed structure?

<p>T-Scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the wavelength of the low coherence light emitted by the superluminescent diode used as the light source in OCT?

<p>Approximately 800 nanometers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a B-scan in OCT technology?

<p>To analyze coronal retinal scans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

<p>Faster image acquisition time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which companies are market leaders in producing OCT machines?

<p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek, OPKO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of en face images in OCT technology?

<p>To visualize perfectly flat frontal sections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is considered the most reliable method for compensating for eye movement during OCT image acquisition?

<p>Heidelberg TruTrack system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

<p>Higher resolution and quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a good understanding of both Time Domain and Spectral Domain OCT systems?

<p>To compare the advantages and limits of both systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures can be imaged by OCT in the posterior segment of the eye?

<p>Vitreoretinal interface, retina, choroid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina is represented by the cell bodies of ganglion cells and some rare amacrine cells?

<p>Ganglion cell layer (GCL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina is made up of interlaced axons and dendrites coming from adjacent layers?

<p>Inner plexiform layer (IPL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina contains the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and Muller cells?

<p>Inner nuclear layer (INL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina is represented by the photoreceptor cell bodies?

<p>Outer nuclear layer (ONL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two hyperreflective bands are identifiable at the level of the outer retina?

<p>The first corresponds to the connection between photoreceptor inner segment and outer segment, and the second corresponds to the retinal pigment epithelium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to common opinion, what does the innermost band in the outer retina correspond to?

<p>External Limiting Membrane (ELM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost band in the outer retina believed to represent?

<p>Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely part of the choriocapillaris in the outer retina?

<p>Bruch’s membrane (BM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct hyper-reflective bands have been highlighted between the photoreceptor layer and the pigmented epithelium using Spectral Domain technology?

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has set off a debate on interpreting anatomical equivalents visible using new instruments in the outer retina?

<p>Highlighting four distinct hyper-reflective bands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina is represented by the photoreceptor cell bodies?

<p>Outer nuclear layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of en face images in OCT technology?

<p>To detect abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

<p>Reduced motion artifacts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

<p>Measuring retinal thickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) and Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT)?

<p>The resolution of the images (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the photoreceptor inner segment is mitochondria rich and adjacent to the outer segment of the photoreceptor itself?

<p>The ellipsoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the authors' hypothesis, which part of the photoreceptor inner segment does the second band in the OCT image correspond to?

<p>The ellipsoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the third hyper-reflecting band in the OCT image correspond to, according to the third hypothesis?

<p>The interdigitation of the external portion of the photoreceptor external segment with apical processes of the RPE cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the photoreceptor inner segment is close to the external limiting membrane and contains the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>The myoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost band in the OCT image commonly described as?

<p>The junction between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which retinal layer is affected in Stargardt disease?

<p>Outer retinal layers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of outer retinal tubulations on OCT?

<p>Round-shaped formations with a hyper-reflective margin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical cause of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)?

<p>Systemic steroid assumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in OCT?

<p>Fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in OCT?

<p>Intraretinal alterations and cystic intraretinal spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the retina is affected in the late stages of the disease?

<p>Outer retinal layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of the disease in OCT?

<p>Deposition of mid-reflective material between RPE and outer retinal layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is this form of the disease often misdiagnosed as CNV?

<p>It shows staining in fluorescein angiography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of central retinal artery occlusion?

<p>Blockage of blood flow in the central artery of the retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of central retinal artery occlusion?

<p>Vision is usually highly compromised (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the presence of drusen and RPE mottling?

<p>Stage I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) on OCT?

<p>Intraretinal edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) classified based on fluid distribution within the retina?

<p>Pattern1: Diffuse retinal thickening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Retinoschisis refer to?

<p>Stretching of the retinal tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Adult-onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy on OCT?

<p>Presence of hyperfluorescent material deposits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of drusen in OCT scans?

<p>Multiple small bumps of the RPE filled with hyper-reflective homogeneous material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of serous PED in OCT scans?

<p>Uniformly black appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of SRD in OCT scans?

<p>Hypo-reflective space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of intraretinal edema in OCT scans?

<p>Multiple round-shaped hypo-reflective spaces within the retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of hard exudates in OCT scans?

<p>Hyper-reflective dots/round-shaped formations disposed around an edematous area of the retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of retinal artery occlusion shows alterations confined to the area of the retina originally perfused from the occluded artery branch?

<p>Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of blood flow blockage in a second order retinal vein?

<p>Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) on OCT?

<p>Intraretinal edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) on OCT?

<p>Hard exudates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an increased intravenous pressure causing vessels tortuosity, intraretinal hemorrhages, intraretinal edema and capillary ischemia?

<p>Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in thickness and reflectivity of the inner layers in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

<p>Intracellular edema secondary to hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which retinal layers are poorly visualizable in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

<p>Outer retinal layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ischemic retinal layers in the late stages of Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)?

<p>They decrease in thickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the affected hemiretina in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

<p>Thicker than the healthy hemiretina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the affected hemiretina in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) on OCT?

<p>Thinner than the healthy hemiretina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by alterations confined to the area of the retina originally drained by the occluded vein branch?

<p>Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be visualized in OCT scans of BRVO?

<p>Intraretinal edema, hard exudates, cotton wools, intraretinal hemorrhages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Focal Choroidal Excavation (FCE) characterized by?

<p>Limited area of excavation of the choroid not associated with a scleral alteration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a choroidal nevus?

<p>A clumping of choroidal melanocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel) on OCT scans?

<p>Structural cysts in the fovea region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are empty cavities visible in Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel) different from edematous intraretinal cysts?

<p>They are not associated with dye leakage on FA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a complication of late stages of Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel)?

<p>Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of a choroidal nevus on OCT scans?

<p>Increased reflectivity beneath the RPE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of SRD in OCT scans?

<p>Subretinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)?

<p>CRVO occurs due to vein walls compression, while BRVO occurs due to arteriovenous crossing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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