Mastering T-scan
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Questions and Answers

Which technology revolutionized the development of OCT imaging?

  • Time Domain
  • Spectral Domain (correct)
  • Interactive Scheme
  • Gray Scale

    • What is the key advantage of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

  • Greater acquisition speed (correct)
  • Better signal to noise ratio
  • Greater axial and transverse resolution
  • Greater diagnosis accuracy

    • How much faster is the acquisition speed of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

  • 100 times (correct)
  • 70 times
  • 50 times
  • 10 times

    • What is the practical consequence of the reduction in A-scan acquisition speeds in Spectral Domain OCT?

    <p>Higher resolutions and greater detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

    <p>Highlighting details with a constant presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology helps protect images from motion artifacts in Spectral Domain OCT?

    <p>Eye-tracking system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first described the use of optical interferometry?

    <p>Simonsohn et al.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were the first in vivo images of eye tissue using OCT published?

    <p>1993</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company produced the first OCT system available on the market?

    <p>Humphrey Instruments, Inc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology was used for image acquisition in the first OCT system?

    <p>Time Domain technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OCT machine made OCT extremely common and part of everyday clinical practice?

    <p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

    <p>Evaluation of drugs and treatments for diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology revolutionized the OCT world by reducing image acquisition time and increasing resolution and quality?

    <p>Spectral Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which companies are market leaders in producing OCT machines?

    <p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between A-scan and B-scan in OCT technology?

    <p>A-scan provides a one-dimensional image, while B-scan provides a two-dimensional image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a volume in OCT technology?

    <p>A 3-D reconstruction of the anatomical portion studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are en face images in OCT technology?

    <p>Images that provide a frontal section of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Spectralis OCT generate in addition to conventional tomography?

    <p>Coronal retinal scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scanning software builds up a curved surface adapting it to the layers of the retina?

    <p>T-scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of images are obtained with perfectly flat coronal sections and reconstructions provided by software processing scans on a frontal plane at a 90° angle to the B-scan?

    <p>C-scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of retina visualization software creates a 3D reconstruction of the various tissues and adapts them to the profile of the analyzed structure?

    <p>T-scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of the low coherence light emitted by the superluminescent diode used as the light source in OCT?

    <p>Approximately 800 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In OCT, what is the purpose of the reference mirror?

    <p>To reflect the second beam back to the instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) and Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT)?

    <p>TD-OCT requires shifting the reference mirror, while SD-OCT does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is considered the most reliable method for compensating for eye movement during OCT image acquisition?

    <p>Heidelberg TruTrack system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

    <p>Higher signal penetration through probed tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of eye-tracking technology in OCT machines?

    <p>To compensate for eye movement during scanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) in SD-OCT?

    <p>To visualize deeper structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to a decline in the usage of Time Domain OCT?

    <p>Advancements in technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a good understanding of both Time Domain and Spectral Domain OCT systems?

    <p>To be aware of their potential advantages and limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology was used for image acquisition in the first OCT system?

    <p>Time Domain technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were the first in vivo images of eye tissue using OCT published?

    <p>1993</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OCT machine made OCT extremely common and part of everyday clinical practice?

    <p>Stratus OCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

    <p>Evaluation of drugs and treatments for diabetic macular edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology revolutionized the development of OCT imaging?

    <p>Spectral Domain technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of Spectral Domain OCT compared to Time Domain OCT?

    <p>Faster image acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of eye-tracking technology in OCT machines?

    <p>To protect images from motion artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Spectral Domain OCT improve the quality of scans compared to Time Domain OCT?

    <p>By improving the signal to noise ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of OCT technology uses a moving reference mirror to obtain depth information?

    <p>Time Domain OCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

    <p>Faster image acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of OCT visualization software creates a 3D reconstruction of the retina and adapts it to the profile of the analyzed structure?

    <p>T-Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of the low coherence light emitted by the superluminescent diode used as the light source in OCT?

    <p>Approximately 800 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a B-scan in OCT technology?

    <p>To analyze coronal retinal scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of Spectral Domain OCT over Time Domain OCT?

    <p>Faster image acquisition time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which companies are market leaders in producing OCT machines?

    <p>Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek, OPKO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of en face images in OCT technology?

    <p>To visualize perfectly flat frontal sections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is considered the most reliable method for compensating for eye movement during OCT image acquisition?

    <p>Heidelberg TruTrack system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

    <p>Higher resolution and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a good understanding of both Time Domain and Spectral Domain OCT systems?

    <p>To compare the advantages and limits of both systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures can be imaged by OCT in the posterior segment of the eye?

    <p>Vitreoretinal interface, retina, choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is represented by the cell bodies of ganglion cells and some rare amacrine cells?

    <p>Ganglion cell layer (GCL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is made up of interlaced axons and dendrites coming from adjacent layers?

    <p>Inner plexiform layer (IPL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina contains the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and Muller cells?

    <p>Inner nuclear layer (INL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is represented by the photoreceptor cell bodies?

    <p>Outer nuclear layer (ONL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two hyperreflective bands are identifiable at the level of the outer retina?

    <p>The first corresponds to the connection between photoreceptor inner segment and outer segment, and the second corresponds to the retinal pigment epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to common opinion, what does the innermost band in the outer retina correspond to?

    <p>External Limiting Membrane (ELM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost band in the outer retina believed to represent?

    <p>Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely part of the choriocapillaris in the outer retina?

    <p>Bruch’s membrane (BM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct hyper-reflective bands have been highlighted between the photoreceptor layer and the pigmented epithelium using Spectral Domain technology?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has set off a debate on interpreting anatomical equivalents visible using new instruments in the outer retina?

    <p>Highlighting four distinct hyper-reflective bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is represented by the photoreceptor cell bodies?

    <p>Outer nuclear layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of en face images in OCT technology?

    <p>To detect abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using SD-OCT in generating a mean image?

    <p>Reduced motion artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Stratus OCT images commonly used for in clinical trials?

    <p>Measuring retinal thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Time Domain OCT (TD-OCT) and Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT)?

    <p>The resolution of the images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the photoreceptor inner segment is mitochondria rich and adjacent to the outer segment of the photoreceptor itself?

    <p>The ellipsoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the authors' hypothesis, which part of the photoreceptor inner segment does the second band in the OCT image correspond to?

    <p>The ellipsoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third hyper-reflecting band in the OCT image correspond to, according to the third hypothesis?

    <p>The interdigitation of the external portion of the photoreceptor external segment with apical processes of the RPE cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the photoreceptor inner segment is close to the external limiting membrane and contains the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>The myoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost band in the OCT image commonly described as?

    <p>The junction between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retinal layer is affected in Stargardt disease?

    <p>Outer retinal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of outer retinal tubulations on OCT?

    <p>Round-shaped formations with a hyper-reflective margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cause of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)?

    <p>Systemic steroid assumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in OCT?

    <p>Fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in OCT?

    <p>Intraretinal alterations and cystic intraretinal spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina is affected in the late stages of the disease?

    <p>Outer retinal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of the disease in OCT?

    <p>Deposition of mid-reflective material between RPE and outer retinal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is this form of the disease often misdiagnosed as CNV?

    <p>It shows staining in fluorescein angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of central retinal artery occlusion?

    <p>Blockage of blood flow in the central artery of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of central retinal artery occlusion?

    <p>Vision is usually highly compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the presence of drusen and RPE mottling?

    <p>Stage I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) on OCT?

    <p>Intraretinal edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) classified based on fluid distribution within the retina?

    <p>Pattern1: Diffuse retinal thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Retinoschisis refer to?

    <p>Stretching of the retinal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Adult-onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy on OCT?

    <p>Presence of hyperfluorescent material deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of drusen in OCT scans?

    <p>Multiple small bumps of the RPE filled with hyper-reflective homogeneous material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of serous PED in OCT scans?

    <p>Uniformly black appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of SRD in OCT scans?

    <p>Hypo-reflective space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of intraretinal edema in OCT scans?

    <p>Multiple round-shaped hypo-reflective spaces within the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of hard exudates in OCT scans?

    <p>Hyper-reflective dots/round-shaped formations disposed around an edematous area of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of retinal artery occlusion shows alterations confined to the area of the retina originally perfused from the occluded artery branch?

    <p>Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of blood flow blockage in a second order retinal vein?

    <p>Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) on OCT?

    <p>Intraretinal edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) on OCT?

    <p>Hard exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an increased intravenous pressure causing vessels tortuosity, intraretinal hemorrhages, intraretinal edema and capillary ischemia?

    <p>Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in thickness and reflectivity of the inner layers in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

    <p>Intracellular edema secondary to hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retinal layers are poorly visualizable in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

    <p>Outer retinal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ischemic retinal layers in the late stages of Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)?

    <p>They decrease in thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of the affected hemiretina in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) on OCT?

    <p>Thicker than the healthy hemiretina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of the affected hemiretina in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) on OCT?

    <p>Thinner than the healthy hemiretina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by alterations confined to the area of the retina originally drained by the occluded vein branch?

    <p>Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be visualized in OCT scans of BRVO?

    <p>Intraretinal edema, hard exudates, cotton wools, intraretinal hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Focal Choroidal Excavation (FCE) characterized by?

    <p>Limited area of excavation of the choroid not associated with a scleral alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a choroidal nevus?

    <p>A clumping of choroidal melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel) on OCT scans?

    <p>Structural cysts in the fovea region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are empty cavities visible in Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel) different from edematous intraretinal cysts?

    <p>They are not associated with dye leakage on FA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a complication of late stages of Macular Telangiectasia (Mac Tel)?

    <p>Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of a choroidal nevus on OCT scans?

    <p>Increased reflectivity beneath the RPE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of SRD in OCT scans?

    <p>Subretinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)?

    <p>CRVO occurs due to vein walls compression, while BRVO occurs due to arteriovenous crossing</p> Signup and view all the answers

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