Mastering Punctuation and Apostrophes

Punctuation

• Exercise 1 involves inserting correct punctuation into sentences.
• Exercise 2 involves matching sentences with the correct punctuation marks.
• Exercise 3 is designed to fix punctuation errors within sentences.
• Exercise 4 focuses on correctly adding punctuation to dialogue.
• Exercise 5 is on improving clarity by replacing punctuation.

Apostrophes

• Exercise 1 focuses on the usage of apostrophes based on specific rules.
• Exercise 2 deals with the formation of contractions using apostrophes.
• Exercise 3(a) identifies the function of inverted commas (single quotes), indicating borrowed terms, slang, titles of works, and direct speech.
• Function of parentheses includes adding extra, non-essential information or clarification, and can be replaced with commas or dashes.
• Function of the hyphen includes connecting parts of a compound word, indicating different meanings between words, or joining words modifying a noun.
• Function of the apostrophe includes showing possession or indicating omission in contractions.
• Exercise 4 contains correct sentences using apostrophes

Root Words

• anni, enni means year, shown in words like anniversary, annual, biennial, and perennial.
• anthrop means human or man, as seen in anthropology, anthropomorphic, and philanthropist.
• aqua, aque means water, found in aquarium, aqueduct, and aqueous.
• biblio means book, present in bibliography, bibliophile, and Bible.
• bio means life, used in biology, biography, and biosphere.
• brev means short, shown in brevity, abbreviate, and brief.
• cap means seize or take, as in capture, captivate, captor, and capacity.
• demo means people, shown in democracy, demographic, and demonstration.
• dent means tooth, used in dentist, denture, and dental.
• geo means earth, present in geography, geology, and geocentric.
• mor, mort means death, found in mortal, mortality, mortician, and immortal.
• nov means new, used in novel, novice, innovate, and renovate.
• nym, onym means word or name, shown in synonym, antonym, pseudonym, and anonymous.
• pater means father, present in paternal, paternity, and patriarch.
• path means feeling or suffering, shown in empathy, sympathy, apathy, and pathology.
• psych means soul, mind, or spirit, used in psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis.
• quer, quis means ask, present in query, inquisitive, inquire, and question.
• schizo, schiz means division or split, found in schizophrenia and schism.
• spond, spons means promise or answer for, shown in respond, sponsor, and responsible.
• voc means call, present in vocation, advocate, and vocabulary.
• zoo means animal, present in zoology, zooplankton, and zoo.

Prefixes Table

• a-, an- means not, without, as in amoral, anesthetic, apathy.
• ab- means away from, as in abnormal, abduct, abstract.
• ad- means to, toward, as in advance, addition, adhere.
• ambi- means both, as in ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent.
• anti- means against, as in antibiotic, anticlimax, antipathy.
• epi- means upon, as in epicenter, epilogue, epidermis.
• eso- means inward, within, as in esoteric, esophagus.
• hypo- means under, as in hypothermia, hypodermic, hypothesis.
• il- means not, as in illegal, illegible, illogical.
• im- means not, as in impossible, immature, imbalance.
• in- means into/not, as in insert, injustice, incomplete.
• inter- means between, as in international, intercept, interfere.
• intra- means within, as in intravenous, intranet, intracellular.
• ir- means not, as in irregular, irresponsible, irrelevant.
• pre- means before, as in precede, predict, prehistoric.
• pro- means for, forward, as in progress, proclaim, promote.
• syn-, sym- means with, together, as in synonym, sympathy, synchronize.
• tele- means distant, far off, as in telescope, telephone, teleport.

Suffixes Table

• -agog, -agogue signifies a leader, examples being pedagogue, synagogue, and demagogue.
• -cide means killing, shown in homicide, pesticide, and infanticide.
• -ectomy means cutting, shown in appendectomy, mastectomy, and tonsillectomy.
• -ia, -y means act or state, shown in hysteria, democracy, and entity.
• -ic, -ical, -ac means having to do with, examples being musical, chronic, iconic, and historic.
• -ics means things having to do with, examples being ethics, physics, and linguistics.
• -isk, -iscus means small, examples being asterisk and basilisk.
• -ism means belief in, examples being feminism, realism, and capitalism.
• -ist means one who believes in, examples being artist, realist, and biologist.
• -ite means one connected with, examples being socialite and urbanite.
• -logy refers to the study field of, such as in biology, geology, and mythology.
• -oid means resembling, examples being humanoid, android, and spheroid.
• -or, -er means one who takes part in, such as doctor, teacher, and designer.
• -phobia means exaggerated fear, examples being arachnophobia and xenophobia.
• -sis means act, state, or condition of, such as in analysis, diagnosis, and paralysis.

Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms

• Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases (e.g., Dr., Mon.).
• Acronyms are initial letters forming a pronounceable word (e.g., SCUBA).
• Initialisms are letters said individually (e.g., KFC).
• An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase and can include a period
• Acronyms are a type of abbreviation formed from initial letters and pronounced as a word.
• Full stops are typically omitted from abbreviations with capital letters.
• Acronyms do not usually contain full stops.
• An initialism is an abbreviation pronounced letter by letter.

Figure of Speech

• A simile compares two things using "like" or "as".
• A metaphor directly compares two things without using "like" or "as".
• Personification attributes human characteristics to non-human entities or abstract concepts.
• Oxymoron combines contradictory terms.
• Bathos is a sudden descent from the serious to the trivial.
• Pun is a play on words that often has double meanings
• Hyperbole is exaggeration expression
• Onomatopoeia is when you express the sound a thing makes
• Personification gives objects human traits or characteristics