Meiosis and Mitosis
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Meiosis and Mitosis

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Questions and Answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the synthesis and duplication of DNA?

  • S phase (correct)
  • G0 phase
  • G2 phase
  • G1 phase

    • What is the function of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

  • To prepare for cell division
  • To monitor the environment
  • To synthesize DNA
  • To stop dividing (correct)

    • During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards the poles of the cell?

  • Prometaphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase (correct)

    • What is the role of cohesin in cell division?

    <p>To hold chromatids together until anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase of mitosis?

    <p>The sister chromatids separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>To split the cell into two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, which phase is responsible for the formation of bivalents?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of genetic variation between generations during meiosis?

    <p>Chromosomal crossover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is responsible for the separation of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>New nuclear membrane surrounds each haploid set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is more similar to mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Chromosomal aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are most important in regulating the cell cycle at the molecular level?

    <p>Cyclins, CDKs, CDKIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins bind to CDKs and regulate their ability to phosphorylate other proteins that control cell division?

    <p>Cyclins, CDKs, CDKIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins primarily act to block the entry into the cell cycle and the G1/S transition?

    <p>Cyclin E/CDK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is a tumor suppressor that is generally switched on by p53/p21 and switched off by cyclin E/CDK?

    <p>Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs disrupts the cell cycle at different stages and includes traditional chemotherapy drugs and selective drugs that target essential proteins for cell growth?

    <p>Anti-mitotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs that block mitosis actually work on the mitotic spindle and inhibit its assembly?

    <p>Anti-mitotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are targeted by CDK inhibitors interfering with G1/S and Aurora kinase inhibitors interfering with centriole/centrosome function?

    <p>Mitotic kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the synthesis and duplication of DNA?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is responsible for the separation of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytokinesis in cell division?

    <p>To divide the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell division is responsible for the formation of gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in coordinating the cell cycle?

    <p>To regulate the timing and progression of the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis?

    <p>Cell repair/replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

    <p>Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes compared to diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromatids?

    <p>Thread-like strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in coordinating the cell cycle?

    <p>To regulate the timing of each phase of the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm between two daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis and duplication.
    • G0 phase serves as a resting stage where cells are metabolically active but do not divide.
    • In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

    Mitosis and Telophase

    • Cohesin proteins hold sister chromatids together during cell division.
    • During telophase, nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromatids, returning the cell to a stable state.
    • Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two distinct daughter cells.

    Meiosis

    • Bivalent formation occurs during prophase I, where homologous chromosomes pair up.
    • Genetic variation during meiosis primarily arises from crossing over and independent assortment.
    • The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in anaphase I of meiosis.
    • Telophase I sees the reformation of the nuclear envelope around separated homologous chromosomes.
    • Meiosis II, particularly anaphase II, is similar to mitosis, where sister chromatids separate.

    Genetic Abnormalities and Cell Cycle Regulation

    • Non-disjunction during meiosis can lead to aneuploidy, resulting in conditions like Down syndrome.
    • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key proteins regulating the cell cycle.
    • Cyclin proteins bind to CDKs, facilitating phosphorylation of target proteins that control cell division.
    • Tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, and p21 are involved in blocking the entry into the cell cycle and the G1/S transition.
    • Cyclin E/CDK complex can override tumor suppressor signals, promoting progression through the cell cycle.

    Drug Interventions

    • Chemotherapeutics disrupt the cell cycle across different stages, targeting essential processes for cell growth.
    • Drugs that inhibit mitosis often target the mitotic spindle, preventing its assembly.

    Cytoplasm and Chromosome Movement

    • The mitotic phase where chromosomes align at the equatorial plate is called metaphase.
    • Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two sets.
    • Chromatids are the replicated forms of chromosomes joined together at the centromere.

    Summary of Cellular Functions

    • The role of genes is crucial in coordinating activities and transitions within the cell cycle.
    • Cytokinesis is vital for successful cell division as it ensures equal distribution of organelles and cytoplasm between daughter cells.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the meiosis process and its phases with this quiz! Learn about the production of gamete cells, the division from diploid to haploid chromosomes, and the potential errors that can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes.

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