Mastering Confounding Variables in Research
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential confounding variable in an experiment?

  • A variable that differs between the experimental and control groups (correct)
  • The independent variable
  • The dependent variable
  • A variable that is controlled by the experimenter

    • What is the placebo effect?

  • Harm resulting from the expectation of harm
  • Improvement because you expect improvement (correct)
  • Cues that participants pick up on to guess the researcher's hypothesis
  • Researcher hypotheses leading to biased outcomes

    • What is the purpose of informed consent in research?

  • To fully inform participants about the research procedures
  • To ensure participants enter the study voluntarily (correct)
  • To determine the statistical significance of the findings
  • To protect participants against abuses

    • What is the measure of central tendency that represents the middle score in a set of data?

    <p>Median (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of variability that represents the difference between the highest and lowest score in a set of data?

    <p>Range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

    <p>To determine whether findings can be generalized to a larger population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of statistical significance commonly represented as?

    <p>p &lt; .05 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and involves heuristics (mental shortcuts)?

    <p>Intuitive thinking (system #1) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of random selection in scientific research?

    <p>To ensure that every person in the general population has an equal chance of being chosen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?

    <p>Reliability refers to consistency of measurement, while validity refers to the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design involves watching behavior in real-world settings?

    <p>Naturalistic observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>To treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did subsequent objective and controlled studies show about prefrontal lobotomy?

    <p>It did not work and had serious negative effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of thinking requires mental effort and is slow and reflective?

    <p>Analytical thinking (system #2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes case study designs?

    <p>They examine a small number of people over an extended period of time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about self-report measures?

    <p>They assess a variety of characteristics using questionnaires and surveys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes correlations?

    <p>They examine the extent to which variables are associated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about correlation-causation fallacy?

    <p>It is the error of assuming that correlation implies causation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes illusionary correlations?

    <p>They are perceived associations between two things that do not exist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes experimental designs?

    <p>They manipulate variables to see cause-and-effect relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes between-groups design?

    <p>It involves two or more groups given different treatments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about statistical significance and practical significance?

    <p>Larger sample sizes increase the likelihood of statistical significance but not practical significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between effect size, statistical significance, and overall relevance of findings?

    <p>Large effect sizes coupled with statistically significant results increase the overall relevance of findings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a finding is statistically significant but not practically significant?

    <p>The finding is too small to have meaningful consequences in the real world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sample size affect the likelihood of finding statistical significance?

    <p>Larger sample sizes increase the likelihood of finding statistical significance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meta-analytic research in determining practical significance?

    <p>To determine the real-world importance or consequences of findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a finding is statistically significant, does it always have practical significance?

    <p>No, statistical significance does not necessarily imply practical significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a finding is statistically significant and has a large effect size?

    <p>The finding is both unlikely to be due to chance and has real-world consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sample size and practical significance?

    <p>Sample size has no impact on practical significance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between statistical significance and practical significance?

    <p>Statistical significance and practical significance are unrelated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with learning and memory?

    <p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory and causes a calming effect?

    <p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter influences arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory?

    <p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with motor function and reward?

    <p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice was popular in the 1800's and assessed the brain by examining enlargements of the skull?

    <p>Phrenology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuropeptide relieves pain?

    <p>Endorphins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking, planning, attention, and language?

    <p>Frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did phrenologists associate with the bumps on the skull?

    <p>Personality traits and abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most developed area of the human brain responsible for advanced intellectual abilities?

    <p>Cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the practice of phrenology?

    <p>It was proven to be false (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neuropsychology tests presently used for?

    <p>Testing cognitive functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must neuropsychology tests be carefully designed to accommodate?

    <p>Language and culture influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one application of neuropsychology tests?

    <p>Testing cognitive functioning in people with brain damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the question asking for additional information about?

    <p>Brain scans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique relies on magnetic fields and measures changes in blood oxygen level to indirectly visualize brain structure?

    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique measures changes in brain activity by examining the consumption of radioactive glucose-like molecules that are ingested?

    <p>Positron emission tomography (PET) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique applies strong and rapidly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull to either enhance or interrupt brain functions?

    <p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique measures tiny magnetic fields to detect electrical activity in the brain and the rest of the nervous system?

    <p>Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron receives information from other neurons?

    <p>Dendrites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain cell controls blood flow in the brain and forms the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Astrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>The membrane potential when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain plays a role in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories?

    <p>Temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in movement and muscle control, as well as evaluating goals, risks, rewards, and consequences?

    <p>Basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a key role in fear, excitement, and arousal?

    <p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain connects the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, and serves as a relay station between the cortex and the rest of the nervous system?

    <p>Brain stem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system controls and coordinates voluntary movement?

    <p>Somatic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is known as the 'master gland' and releases hormones that influence growth, blood pressure, reproductive functions, and interpersonal trust?

    <p>Pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in ovulation, menstruation, reproductive health, and the development of secondary sex characteristics in females?

    <p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the set of genes transmitted from parents to offspring?

    <p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epigenetics study?

    <p>The expression of our genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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