42 Questions
Which equation represents the calculation for Cardiac Output (CO)?
CO = HR x SV
What does Vascular Tone refer to?
The degree of blood vessel contraction
What determines the systolic ventricular wall stress?
Arterial tone
What is the effect of increased capacitance of the venous system on preload?
Decreased preload
What is the effect of increased resistance of the arterial system on afterload?
Increased afterload
What do endothelial cells produce to locally regulate VSMC tone?
Nitric oxide (NO)
What does myocardial O2 supply rely on?
Coronary arterial tone
What does myocardial O2 demand rely on?
Systemic arterioles and veins
What is the therapeutic strategy for treating angina?
Reduce myocardial O2 demand
Which of the following is a clinical use of nitrates?
Treating angina
What type of angina can nitrates be used to treat?
Both stable and unstable angina
How do nitrates reduce preload?
By increasing venous capacitance
What adverse effect is commonly associated with moderate doses of nitrates?
Headache and flushing
What adverse effect is commonly associated with larger doses of nitrates?
Hypotension
What is contraindicated in patients using nitrates?
PDE5 inhibitors
What happens in unstable angina?
Rupture of plaque leads to platelet aggregation
What effect do nitrates have on platelet aggregation?
Inhibit platelet aggregation
What is the main symptom of myocardial ischemia?
Angina
Which type of vasculature do PDE5 inhibitors selectively target?
Pulmonary vasculature
Which medication should not be used in conjunction with PDE5 inhibitors?
Nitrates
What is the primary route of administration to bypass the first-pass metabolism of nitrates?
All of the above
What is the half-life of ISDN (Isosorbide dinitrate)?
60 minutes
What is the primary mechanism of nitrate tolerance?
All of the below
How can tolerance to nitrates be prevented?
Using a dosing strategy with low plasma nitrate levels
What is the main symptom of Angina?
Severe Chest pain
What is the primary factor that determines end-diastolic volume the heart pumps?
Venous return
Which type of calcium channel blockers primarily cause vasodilation of resistance arteries, has substantial 1st pass metabolism, rapid onset of action and short half life?
Nifedipine
Which calcium channel blocker is known for its slower metabolism and longer half-life and has positive change at physiologic pH tat allow it to bind to the negatively charged cell membrane?
Amlodipine
Which calcium channel blocker is associated with flushing as an adverse effect and can cause aggravation of MI (relex tachycardia)?
Nifedipine
Which calcium channel blocker should not be used in excess or in combination with beta-blockers due to increased risk of mortality in heart failure?
Verapamil and Diltiazem
Which calcium channel blocker has the potential to induce a precipitous drop in blood pressure when used in conjunction with nitrates?
Nifedipine
What is primarily used for the treatment of hypertension, arrhythmias, and angina?
Calcium channel blockers
Which calcium channel blocker is known for its significant less reflex tachycardia compared to other calcium channel blockers?
Amlodipine
Which calcium channel blocker is primarily selective for vascular smooth muscle cells?
Nifedipine and amlodipine
Which calcium channel blocker is primarily selective for cardiac tissue?
Verapamil and diltiazem
Which receptor is blocked by beta-blockers to decrease inotropy and chronotropy and therefore decrease cardiac output?
Cardiac Beta-1AR
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
Block beta-1AR
What is the therapeutic use of beta-blockers?
Treatment of hypertension, arrhythmia, HF, and angina
What is the outcome of beta-blocker therapy?
Decrease myocardial oxygen demand and blood pressure
Which of the following is regulated by Beta-1AR-mediated phosphorylation?
All of the above
What effect does PKA phosphorylation have on inotropy?
Increases inotropy
What effect does PKA phosphorylation have on chronotropy?
Increases chronotropy
Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology with this quiz! Learn about the formulas for calculating cardiac output and blood pressure, as well as the importance of vascular tone. Challenge yourself to understand concepts like preload, afterload, and venous return.
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