Mastering Carbon Fixation
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Questions and Answers

Which type of plants do not photorespire?

  • C3 plants
  • Tropical grasses
  • CAM plants
  • C4 plants (correct)

    • What is the name of the CO2 concentrating mechanism found in plants?

  • C4 Photosynthesis (correct)
  • C3 Photosynthesis
  • Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
  • Mesophyll cells

    • In which type of plants was the PCA (CO2 concentrating mechanism) first discovered?

  • C3 plants
  • Maize
  • Sugar cane
  • Tropical grasses (correct)

    • How many times has C4 Photosynthesis evolved independently?

    <p>Several occasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are present in the mesophyll of C3 leaves?

    <p>Mesophyll cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are present in the bundle sheath of C4 leaves?

    <p>Bundle sheath cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the carbon cycle involved in C4 photosynthesis?

    <p>C4 carbon cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photosynthesis is associated with the environmental consideration shown in Figure 9.6?

    <p>C3 photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reactions in photosynthesis are responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates?

    <p>Dark reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur in the chloroplast?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net carbon gain or output of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle?

    <p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the oxygenation of RuBP, leading to photorespiration?

    <p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the existence of photorespiration?

    <p>To compete for RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP and NADPH in photorespiration?

    <p>To convert C in phosphoglycolate back to useful metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis?

    <p>To fix carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the variations of carbon fixation in photosynthesis?

    <p>C3, C4, CAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter of the book 'Plant Physiology and Development' should be referred to for information on phytohormones and signal transduction?

    <p>Chapter 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of an organism to detect daylength called?

    <p>Photoperiodism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of growth process can result in two contrasting examples of plant form?

    <p>Indeterminate growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental cue that plants use to orient in space?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone controls growth by elongation in plants?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ubiquitin in plant development?

    <p>To target proteins for proteolytic cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

    <p>Interference with elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of auxin in plants?

    <p>Control growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes flowering in pineapples and other bromeliads?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis?

    <p>Promote cell elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene affects the stability of DELLA proteins?

    <p>GA rht1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gibberellins on seed germination?

    <p>Promote germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes branching in the root?

    <p>Cytokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone maintains stem cell fate at the root apical meristem?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genes are involved in auxin's effects on gene expression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the two-component system that mediates cytokinin signaling?

    <p>Receiver domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?

    <p>Regulating photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three key steps in any signal transduction pathway?

    <p>Perception, transduction, response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hormonal signals transduced in plants?

    <p>Protein phosphorylation and targeted proteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme transfers the phosphoryl group to a histidine phosphotransferase in two-component signaling in plants?

    <p>Hybrid histidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Type A or C ARRs in cytokinin signaling?

    <p>Interfere with CK signaling through unknown means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do strigolactones inhibit branch outgrowth in plants?

    <p>Indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound promotes seed germination, flowering, and fruit growth in plants?

    <p>Gibberellin (GA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes fruit softening and flavor and color development?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ethylene in plants?

    <p>Control of leaf and petal senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triple response induced by ethylene?

    <p>Reduced elongation, hypocotyl swelling, apical hook exaggeration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ethylene on cut flowers and fruits?

    <p>Shortens their longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can ethylene levels be managed to maintain fruit freshness?

    <p>Use zeolite absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant is ethylene-resistant and became a popular houseplant due to this trait?

    <p>Aspidistra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a plant hormone?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of photomorphogenesis?

    <p>Development in response to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental cue is NOT used by plants to orient in space?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vernalisation in plants?

    <p>Facilitates acclimation to low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of auxin in plants?

    <p>Controls growth by elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net carbon gain or output of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle?

    <p>Positive carbon gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

    <p>Abnormal organogenesis and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ubiquitin in plant development?

    <p>Targets proteins for proteolytic cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme transfers the phosphoryl group to a histidine phosphotransferase in two-component signaling in plants?

    <p>Hybrid histidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes branching in the root?

    <p>Strigolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gibberellins on seed germination?

    <p>Promote seed germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?

    <p>Promoting animal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

    <p>Altered physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis?

    <p>Capture and fix carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP and NADPH in photorespiration?

    <p>Act as electron carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes cell elongation in plants?

    <p>Brassinosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is critical for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in many plants?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the patterning of the floral meristem during flower development?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes stem cell fate at the root apical meristem?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of cytokinins in plants?

    <p>Promote stem cell fate at the shoot apical meristem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genes are involved in auxin's effects on gene expression?

    <p>Genes controlling cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of strigolactones in plant development?

    <p>Inhibit branching in the shoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes fruit softening and flavor and color development?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone induces the triple response: reduced elongation, hypocotyl swelling, apical hook exaggeration?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes leaf and petal senescence?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ethylene on cut flowers and fruits?

    <p>It shortens their longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ethylene in plants?

    <p>Control of fruit ripening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

    <p>Altered development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in maintaining a stem cell population at the shoot apical meristem?

    <p>Cytokinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

    <p>Inducing drought resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gibberellins in plant growth?

    <p>Stimulating seed germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating leaf and branch initiation in plants?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of strigolactones in plant development?

    <p>Stimulating germination of parasitic plant seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in stress responses in plants?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis?

    <p>Promoting cell elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five 'classical' plant hormones?

    <p>Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does auxin regulate phototropism?

    <p>By promoting cell elongation on the shaded side of the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Auxin and ethylene act antagonistically in most processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the commercial applications of controlling ethylene synthesis and response?

    <p>Delaying fruit ripening and senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jasmonate receptor is very similar to the receptor of which other hormone?

    <p>Salicylates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Jasmonates and Salicylates are expressed constitutively in most tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hormone?

    <p>Chemical messengers that coordinate cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes senescence and fruit ripening in plants?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in seed maturation and germination?

    <p>Abscisic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes cell elongation in plants?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

    <p>Represses germination and protects the embryo during seed desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in floral evocation and other reproductive processes in plants?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of brassinosteroids in plants?

    <p>Promote cell elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of jasmonates in plants?

    <p>Promote defense responses and production of anti-herbivory chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of seed maturation and dormancy?

    <p>Abscisic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of cytokinins in plants?

    <p>Promote stem cell fate at the root apical meristem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes flowering in many plants?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of ethylene on plants?

    <p>Promote fruit softening and flavor development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is critical for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in many plants?

    <p>Gibberellins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of auxin in plants?

    <p>Promote branching in the root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture?

    <p>Abscisic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of strigolactones in plant development?

    <p>Promote branching in the root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of defense against herbivory?

    <p>Jasmonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

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