Mastering Carbon Fixation
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Questions and Answers

Which type of plants do not photorespire?

  • C3 plants
  • Tropical grasses
  • CAM plants
  • C4 plants (correct)

What is the name of the CO2 concentrating mechanism found in plants?

  • C4 Photosynthesis (correct)
  • C3 Photosynthesis
  • Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
  • Mesophyll cells

In which type of plants was the PCA (CO2 concentrating mechanism) first discovered?

  • C3 plants
  • Maize
  • Sugar cane
  • Tropical grasses (correct)

How many times has C4 Photosynthesis evolved independently?

<p>Several occasions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are present in the mesophyll of C3 leaves?

<p>Mesophyll cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are present in the bundle sheath of C4 leaves?

<p>Bundle sheath cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the carbon cycle involved in C4 photosynthesis?

<p>C4 carbon cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photosynthesis is associated with the environmental consideration shown in Figure 9.6?

<p>C3 photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reactions in photosynthesis are responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates?

<p>Dark reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur in the chloroplast?

<p>Stroma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net carbon gain or output of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle?

<p>Sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the oxygenation of RuBP, leading to photorespiration?

<p>Rubisco (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the existence of photorespiration?

<p>To compete for RuBP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP and NADPH in photorespiration?

<p>To convert C in phosphoglycolate back to useful metabolites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis?

<p>To fix carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the variations of carbon fixation in photosynthesis?

<p>C3, C4, CAM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter of the book 'Plant Physiology and Development' should be referred to for information on phytohormones and signal transduction?

<p>Chapter 15 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of an organism to detect daylength called?

<p>Photoperiodism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of growth process can result in two contrasting examples of plant form?

<p>Indeterminate growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental cue that plants use to orient in space?

<p>Light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls growth by elongation in plants?

<p>Gibberellin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquitin in plant development?

<p>To target proteins for proteolytic cleavage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

<p>Interference with elongation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of auxin in plants?

<p>Control growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes flowering in pineapples and other bromeliads?

<p>Ethylene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis?

<p>Promote cell elongation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene affects the stability of DELLA proteins?

<p>GA rht1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gibberellins on seed germination?

<p>Promote germination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes branching in the root?

<p>Cytokinin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone maintains stem cell fate at the root apical meristem?

<p>Auxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are involved in auxin's effects on gene expression?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the two-component system that mediates cytokinin signaling?

<p>Receiver domain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?

<p>Regulating photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key steps in any signal transduction pathway?

<p>Perception, transduction, response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hormonal signals transduced in plants?

<p>Protein phosphorylation and targeted proteolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme transfers the phosphoryl group to a histidine phosphotransferase in two-component signaling in plants?

<p>Hybrid histidine kinase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Type A or C ARRs in cytokinin signaling?

<p>Interfere with CK signaling through unknown means (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do strigolactones inhibit branch outgrowth in plants?

<p>Indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound promotes seed germination, flowering, and fruit growth in plants?

<p>Gibberellin (GA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes fruit softening and flavor and color development?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ethylene in plants?

<p>Control of leaf and petal senescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the triple response induced by ethylene?

<p>Reduced elongation, hypocotyl swelling, apical hook exaggeration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethylene on cut flowers and fruits?

<p>Shortens their longevity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can ethylene levels be managed to maintain fruit freshness?

<p>Use zeolite absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is ethylene-resistant and became a popular houseplant due to this trait?

<p>Aspidistra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a plant hormone?

<p>Gibberellin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of photomorphogenesis?

<p>Development in response to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental cue is NOT used by plants to orient in space?

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vernalisation in plants?

<p>Facilitates acclimation to low temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of auxin in plants?

<p>Controls growth by elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net carbon gain or output of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle?

<p>Positive carbon gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

<p>Abnormal organogenesis and growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquitin in plant development?

<p>Targets proteins for proteolytic cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme transfers the phosphoryl group to a histidine phosphotransferase in two-component signaling in plants?

<p>Hybrid histidine kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes branching in the root?

<p>Strigolactone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gibberellins on seed germination?

<p>Promote seed germination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?

<p>Promoting animal growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

<p>Altered physiological processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis?

<p>Capture and fix carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP and NADPH in photorespiration?

<p>Act as electron carriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes cell elongation in plants?

<p>Brassinosteroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is critical for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in many plants?

<p>Gibberellins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the patterning of the floral meristem during flower development?

<p>Auxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes stem cell fate at the root apical meristem?

<p>Auxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of cytokinins in plants?

<p>Promote stem cell fate at the shoot apical meristem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are involved in auxin's effects on gene expression?

<p>Genes controlling cell growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of strigolactones in plant development?

<p>Inhibit branching in the shoot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes fruit softening and flavor and color development?

<p>Ethylene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone induces the triple response: reduced elongation, hypocotyl swelling, apical hook exaggeration?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes leaf and petal senescence?

<p>Ethylene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethylene on cut flowers and fruits?

<p>It shortens their longevity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ethylene in plants?

<p>Control of fruit ripening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of disrupting hormone synthesis or response in plants?

<p>Altered development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in maintaining a stem cell population at the shoot apical meristem?

<p>Cytokinins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

<p>Inducing drought resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gibberellins in plant growth?

<p>Stimulating seed germination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for regulating leaf and branch initiation in plants?

<p>Auxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of strigolactones in plant development?

<p>Stimulating germination of parasitic plant seeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in stress responses in plants?

<p>Ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis?

<p>Promoting cell elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five 'classical' plant hormones?

<p>Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, ethylene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does auxin regulate phototropism?

<p>By promoting cell elongation on the shaded side of the stem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Auxin and ethylene act antagonistically in most processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the commercial applications of controlling ethylene synthesis and response?

<p>Delaying fruit ripening and senescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The jasmonate receptor is very similar to the receptor of which other hormone?

<p>Salicylates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Jasmonates and Salicylates are expressed constitutively in most tissues.

<p>False (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hormone?

<p>Chemical messengers that coordinate cellular activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes senescence and fruit ripening in plants?

<p>Ethylene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in seed maturation and germination?

<p>Abscisic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes cell elongation in plants?

<p>Gibberellin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?

<p>Represses germination and protects the embryo during seed desiccation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in floral evocation and other reproductive processes in plants?

<p>Gibberellin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of brassinosteroids in plants?

<p>Promote cell elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of jasmonates in plants?

<p>Promote defense responses and production of anti-herbivory chemicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of seed maturation and dormancy?

<p>Abscisic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of cytokinins in plants?

<p>Promote stem cell fate at the root apical meristem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes flowering in many plants?

<p>Gibberellins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of ethylene on plants?

<p>Promote fruit softening and flavor development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is critical for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in many plants?

<p>Gibberellins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of auxin in plants?

<p>Promote branching in the root (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture?

<p>Abscisic Acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of strigolactones in plant development?

<p>Promote branching in the root (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of defense against herbivory?

<p>Jasmonates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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