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Mastering Biology Chapter 5
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Mastering Biology Chapter 5

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Questions and Answers

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

  • Proteins (correct)
  • Monomers
  • Nucleic Acid
  • Carbohydrates

    • Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

  • An amino functional group
  • A side chain ("R group")
  • An oxygen (correct)
  • A carboxyl functional group

    • Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

  • Amino functional group
  • Carboxyl functional group (correct)
  • Side chain ("R group")
  • None of the above

    • Which monomers make up RNA?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

    <p>A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which:

    <p>Water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are:

    <p>Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is:

    <p>A polysaccharide found in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose + Glucose = ____ by _____

    <p>Maltose + water...dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a source of lactose?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT a carbohydrate?

    <p>Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

    <p>Monosaccharides can be classified according to their spatial arrangement of their atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex carbohydrate contains only 1,4 glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?

    <p>Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n):

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plant cell walls consist mainly of:

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a lipid?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role:

    <p>As a component of animal cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that:

    <p>None of them dissolve in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than other plant oils because they:

    <p>Contain fewer double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?

    <p>Ovalbumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Defensive proteins are manufactured by the ____ system.

    <p>Immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are polymers of ____.

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

    <p>Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of a protein results from:

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on:

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by:

    <p>Secondary structure...hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

    <p>On the inside of the folded chain, away from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

    <p>3'-TAAACG-5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

    <p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by ______ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide is composed of a(n):

    <p>Phosphate group, a nitrogen containing base, and a five-carbon sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Sulhydryl oxygen group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about nucleotide structure is FALSE?

    <p>The phosphate group is bonded to the nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guanine and Uracil are examples of nitrogenous bases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linkage forms the backbone of a nucleic acid?

    <p>A sugar-phosphate linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true?

    <p>The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented anti-parallel to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complementary DNA sequence to 5' ATGCATGTCA 3'?

    <p>5'TGACATGCAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from:

    <p>DNA to RNA to protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called:

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Proteins and Amino Acids

    • Proteins are polymers made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
    • The central carbon of an amino acid is attached to an amino group, carboxyl group, side chain (R group), and hydrogen; not an oxygen.
    • The carboxyl functional group (COOH) is always acidic, as it can lose a proton.
    • Peptides form through condensation reactions between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

    Nucleic Acids

    • RNA is made up of nucleotide monomers.
    • DNA and RNA are known as nucleic acids.

    Carbohydrates

    • The four primary categories of large biological molecules are proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids.
    • Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals, while cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth and is found in plant cell walls.

    Sugars and Their Linkages

    • Sucrose forms from a glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose.
    • Maltose is formed from the dehydration synthesis of two glucose molecules.
    • Lactose is found in milk, while cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of structural units.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are characterized by their insolubility in water; they do not dissolve in water.
    • Unsaturated fats are prevalent in olive oil, while palm and coconut oils contain fewer double bonds, making them more like animal fats.

    Protein Structure

    • Proteins consist of amino acids and can have up to four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
    • Secondary structure is maintained by hydrogen bonds that form in coils or folds.
    • Tertiary structure involves the interaction of various side chains (R groups) and includes hydrogen and ionic bonds, but not peptide bonds.

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA's double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
    • Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar.
    • DNA strands are oriented anti-parallel, with specific base pairing dictating genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to proteins.

    Nucleotide Composition

    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA.
    • The sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids is formed by phosphodiester linkages between nucleotides.

    Genetic Information

    • The flow of genetic information in a cell follows the sequence: DNA → RNA → Protein, establishing the foundation of molecular biology.

    Additional Notes

    • Enzymes in digestion catalyze hydrolysis reactions that break down food molecules.
    • Defensive proteins are produced by the immune system, while structural proteins make up tissues like muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
    • Peptidoglycan is a modified polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

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    Test your knowledge of Chapter 5 in Mastering Biology with these flashcards. Explore key concepts about proteins and amino acids to reinforce your understanding. Prepare for exams and deepen your grasp of biological macromolecules.

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