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Questions and Answers
What must be specifically fitted for an enzyme to catalyze a reaction?
What must be specifically fitted for an enzyme to catalyze a reaction?
substrate and the enzyme's active site
Antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections, such as the common cold.
Antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections, such as the common cold.
False (B)
Why can't antibiotics like penicillin be used to treat viral infections?
Why can't antibiotics like penicillin be used to treat viral infections?
They inhibit enzymes that are essential to the survival of bacteria only.
What is the mode of action for Azidothymidine (AZT) in treating HIV?
What is the mode of action for Azidothymidine (AZT) in treating HIV?
What is the function of Structure E?
What is the function of Structure E?
Identify Structure D.
Identify Structure D.
Identify Structure A.
Identify Structure A.
Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____.
Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____.
Which of these is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane?
Which of these is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane?
How is the rejection of transplanted organs related to plasma membranes?
How is the rejection of transplanted organs related to plasma membranes?
What is the primary component of membranes that gives them cell-specific properties?
What is the primary component of membranes that gives them cell-specific properties?
The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____.
The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _____.
Which of the following can pass freely through the plasma membrane with no assistance?
Which of the following can pass freely through the plasma membrane with no assistance?
What would be the order of components observed from the inside out?
What would be the order of components observed from the inside out?
When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are __________ to where they are __________.
When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are __________ to where they are __________.
Diffusion across a biological membrane is called __________.
Diffusion across a biological membrane is called __________.
What is the side with a higher concentration of molecules called?
What is the side with a higher concentration of molecules called?
What is the plasma membrane referred to as?
What is the plasma membrane referred to as?
What is the side with a lower concentration of molecules called?
What is the side with a lower concentration of molecules called?
What does diffusion cause?
What does diffusion cause?
In active transport, how do molecules move?
In active transport, how do molecules move?
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of _________.
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of _________.
How does water cross the plasma membrane?
How does water cross the plasma membrane?
What is the sodium-potassium pump an example of?
What is the sodium-potassium pump an example of?
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of _____.
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of _____.
The movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____.
The movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____.
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it ____.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it ____.
What is the real driving force for osmosis?
What is the real driving force for osmosis?
Brine shrimp must _____.
Brine shrimp must _____.
In the process of osmosis, water displays a net movement from an area of __________ water concentration to an area of __________ water concentration.
In the process of osmosis, water displays a net movement from an area of __________ water concentration to an area of __________ water concentration.
Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?
Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _____.
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _____.
Structure A is a _____.
Structure A is a _____.
Structure B is a _____.
Structure B is a _____.
What descriptive statement can be made about passive transport?
What descriptive statement can be made about passive transport?
Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion?
Which of these statements describes what occurs in facilitated diffusion?
What condition might result from an excess of aquaporins?
What condition might result from an excess of aquaporins?
Side with lower concentration of square molecules.
Side with lower concentration of square molecules.
What is the transport protein?
What is the transport protein?
What requires energy input from the cell?
What requires energy input from the cell?
What is the plasma membrane?
What is the plasma membrane?
Side with higher concentration of square molecules.
Side with higher concentration of square molecules.
What is the most likely transport mechanism for a molecule moving across a plasma membrane regardless of concentration?
What is the most likely transport mechanism for a molecule moving across a plasma membrane regardless of concentration?
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____.
You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____.
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.
What does exocytosis refer to?
What does exocytosis refer to?
What does endocytosis refer to?
What does endocytosis refer to?
Which statement best describes phagocytosis?
Which statement best describes phagocytosis?
How does a nursing infant obtain disease-fighting antibodies?
How does a nursing infant obtain disease-fighting antibodies?
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
'Conservation of energy' refers to the fact that _____.
'Conservation of energy' refers to the fact that _____.
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
What process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
What process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
Light is _____ energy, which is converted into _____ energy by plants.
Light is _____ energy, which is converted into _____ energy by plants.
Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.
Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.
Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy.
Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy.
Which of the following is highest in chemical energy?
Which of the following is highest in chemical energy?
In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____.
In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____.
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
What happens to the chemical energy extracted from molecules but not used for work?
What happens to the chemical energy extracted from molecules but not used for work?
What allows simple molecules to assemble and disassemble in cells but not outside of living cells?
What allows simple molecules to assemble and disassemble in cells but not outside of living cells?
Which of these is ATP?
Which of these is ATP?
What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?
What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?
In this reaction _____.
In this reaction _____.
In this reaction _____.
In this reaction _____.
The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction.
The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction.
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.
The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.
What is the fate of the phosphate group removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
What is the fate of the phosphate group removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction.
This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction.
Select the INCORRECT association.
Select the INCORRECT association.
What is energy coupling?
What is energy coupling?
Why is DNA stable despite being an exergonic reaction?
Why is DNA stable despite being an exergonic reaction?
Study Notes
Membrane Structure and Function
- Cholesterol stabilizes phospholipids within the plasma membrane, ensuring structural integrity.
- The phospholipid bilayer consists of heads facing outward and tails pointing inward, creating a barrier between aqueous environments.
- Glycoproteins play a key role in cell recognition and signaling, comprising carbohydrate and protein components.
- Transport proteins facilitate the entry of solute molecules into the cell, influencing permeability.
- Lipid-soluble and hydrophobic molecules can cross membranes easily due to their compatibility with the lipid bilayer.
Membrane Permeability and Transport Mechanisms
- Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to move freely.
- Molecules move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration through diffusion, which is a passive transport process.
- Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump.
- Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins assisting molecules to cross membranes without energy expenditure.
- Osmostic processes dictate that water moves from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher concentration.
Solutions and Cell Behavior
- A hypertonic solution causes cells to lose water, while a hypotonic solution results in swelling due to water influx.
- Osmosis is driven by differences in water concentration, rather than solute concentration directly.
- Brine shrimp must actively pump water to maintain internal balance in hypertonic environments.
- Red blood cells shrink in hypertonic sucrose solutions due to water moving out of the cell.
Energy and Metabolic Processes
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed (first law of thermodynamics) but can be converted from one form to another.
- Chemical energy, a form of potential energy, is converted into ATP during cellular respiration.
- Cellular respiration produces heat and water as by-products.
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy, allowing cells to perform work, especially in endergonic reactions which require energy input.
Reaction Types and Enzyme Function
- Exergonic reactions release energy and occur spontaneously, while endergonic reactions require energy to proceed.
- Enzymes function by providing an active site where substrates can bind precisely, allowing reactions to occur efficiently.
- Competitive inhibition occurs when a substance resembles a substrate and occupies the enzyme’s active site, hindering normal substrate function.
- Antibiotics target bacterial enzymes, making them ineffective against viruses, which have different biological mechanisms.
Importance of Energy Coupling
- Energy coupling is the process of using energy from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic ones, crucial for maintaining cellular functions.
- The conversion of ADP to ATP is an endergonic reaction that consumes energy, sustaining cellular processes.
- Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which can be harnessed for reactions requiring energy input.
These notes encapsulate the fundamental concepts of membrane structure, transport mechanisms, the role of energy in cellular activities, and enzyme functionality, providing a comprehensive overview of key topics in biological processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Chapter 5 in Mastering Biology with these flashcards. Learn about the key structures in the plasma membrane and their functions. Perfect for review and memorization of essential biological concepts related to cell membranes.
