Questions and Answers
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide found in animals.
Glucose + glucose ---> _________ by __________.
maltose + water, dehydration synthesis.
Which of these is a source of lactose?
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
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What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?
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What is not a lipid?
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What is rich in unsaturated fats?
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What is a function of cholesterol that does not harm health?
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Proteins are polymers of?
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What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
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The secondary structure of a protein results from?
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Tertiary structure is not directly dependent on?
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A protein's function is largely determined by its?
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In the analogy of beads on a string, what do the beads represent?
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At what level of protein structure does a protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together?
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What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one amino acid is replaced?
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What level of protein structure describes how polypeptides are joined in large proteins?
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Which of the following is the largest unit of DNA organization?
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What are the components of a nucleotide?
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How many polynucleotides are found in one molecule of DNA?
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Which of the following makes up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?
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A page is to a book as a ? is to the genome.
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What does a relative risk (RR) of 1 mean?
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What does an RR greater than 1 indicate?
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What does an RR less than 1 indicate?
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What is the RR for monounsaturated fat?
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What is the RR for polyunsaturated fat?
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What is the RR for saturated fat?
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What is the RR of trans fat?
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For each increase of 2% in energy from trans fats, what is the increased risk of heart disease?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in animals.
- Two glucose molecules can combine to form maltose and water through dehydration synthesis.
- Lactose, the sugar in milk, is derived from dairy products.
- Cellulose is a prominent polysaccharide composed of numerous monomers and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Lipids
- Olive oil is notably rich in unsaturated fats, typical of many plant oils.
- Cholesterol plays a beneficial role as a component of animal cell membranes but can be harmful in excess.
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- The secondary structure of proteins is maintained by hydrogen bonds, while the primary structure involves peptide bonds.
- A protein’s function is primarily determined by its shape; alterations in amino acids may impact function based on the specific role of the amino acid changed.
- Large proteins like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin consist of multiple polypeptides, characterized by their quaternary structure.
Nucleotides & DNA
- Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and base, forming the building blocks of DNA.
- A DNA molecule contains two polynucleotide strands with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
- The genome represents the largest unit of DNA organization, with genes serving as the pages of a book.
Health & Risk Factors
- Relative risk (RR) of 1 indicates no change in heart disease risk related to carbohydrate intake.
- An RR above 1 denotes a higher risk of heart disease compared to equivalent carbohydrate intake, while an RR below 1 shows a reduced risk.
- Monounsaturated fats present an RR of 0.81, suggesting a protective effect on heart disease risk when consumption increases.
- Polyunsaturated fats exhibit the lowest RR, indicating they are most beneficial for heart health.
- Saturated fats show an RR of 1.17, indicating a 17% increase in heart disease risk with a 5% rise in energy intake.
- Trans fats carry the highest RR among fats, where a 2% increase in energy from trans fats correlates with a 93% increased risk of heart disease.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 3 with these flashcards. This chapter focuses on carbohydrates, their structures, and functions in biological systems. Enhance your understanding of glycogen, glucose transformations, and lactose sources through engaging definitions and examples.