Mastering Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is glycogen?

A polysaccharide found in animals.

Glucose + glucose ---> _ by __.

maltose + water, dehydration synthesis.

Which of these is a source of lactose?

Bread

Sugar

Milk (correct)

Cheese

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?

Cellulose. Signup and view all the answers

What is not a lipid?

RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is rich in unsaturated fats?

Olive oil. Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of cholesterol that does not harm health?

As a component of animal cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are polymers of?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

Peptide. Signup and view all the answers

The secondary structure of a protein results from?

Hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary structure is not directly dependent on?

Peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

A protein's function is largely determined by its?

Shape. Signup and view all the answers

In the analogy of beads on a string, what do the beads represent?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

At what level of protein structure does a protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together?

Third. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one amino acid is replaced?

It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. Signup and view all the answers

What level of protein structure describes how polypeptides are joined in large proteins?

Fourth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest unit of DNA organization?

Genome Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Signup and view all the answers

How many polynucleotides are found in one molecule of DNA?

Two. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following makes up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?

Sugar and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

A page is to a book as a ? is to the genome.

Gene. Signup and view all the answers

What does a relative risk (RR) of 1 mean?

The same. Signup and view all the answers

What does an RR greater than 1 indicate?

Higher. Signup and view all the answers

What does an RR less than 1 indicate?

Lower. Signup and view all the answers

What is the RR for monounsaturated fat?

.81. Signup and view all the answers

What is the RR for polyunsaturated fat?

The lowest among the fats tested. Signup and view all the answers

What is the RR for saturated fat?

1.17. Signup and view all the answers

What is the RR of trans fat?

The highest among the types of fats tested. Signup and view all the answers

For each increase of 2% in energy from trans fats, what is the increased risk of heart disease?

93%. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in animals.
Two glucose molecules can combine to form maltose and water through dehydration synthesis.
Lactose, the sugar in milk, is derived from dairy products.
Cellulose is a prominent polysaccharide composed of numerous monomers and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Lipids

Olive oil is notably rich in unsaturated fats, typical of many plant oils.
Cholesterol plays a beneficial role as a component of animal cell membranes but can be harmful in excess.

Proteins

Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
The secondary structure of proteins is maintained by hydrogen bonds, while the primary structure involves peptide bonds.
A protein’s function is primarily determined by its shape; alterations in amino acids may impact function based on the specific role of the amino acid changed.
Large proteins like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin consist of multiple polypeptides, characterized by their quaternary structure.

Nucleotides & DNA

Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and base, forming the building blocks of DNA.
A DNA molecule contains two polynucleotide strands with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
The genome represents the largest unit of DNA organization, with genes serving as the pages of a book.

Health & Risk Factors

Relative risk (RR) of 1 indicates no change in heart disease risk related to carbohydrate intake.
An RR above 1 denotes a higher risk of heart disease compared to equivalent carbohydrate intake, while an RR below 1 shows a reduced risk.
Monounsaturated fats present an RR of 0.81, suggesting a protective effect on heart disease risk when consumption increases.
Polyunsaturated fats exhibit the lowest RR, indicating they are most beneficial for heart health.
Saturated fats show an RR of 1.17, indicating a 17% increase in heart disease risk with a 5% rise in energy intake.
Trans fats carry the highest RR among fats, where a 2% increase in energy from trans fats correlates with a 93% increased risk of heart disease.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 3 with these flashcards. This chapter focuses on carbohydrates, their structures, and functions in biological systems. Enhance your understanding of glycogen, glucose transformations, and lactose sources through engaging definitions and examples.