Mastering A&P: Chap 3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (correct)

Movement of molecules that requires energy

Movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Na+ (correct)

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Glucose

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

Small concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

In general, to maintain homeostasis, the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be?

Isotonic to each other Signup and view all the answers

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

The cells will lose water and shrink. Signup and view all the answers

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through?

Channels formed by integral membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

Diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

Passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein is called __________.

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump?

Out of the cell, against its concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source used by the calcium pump during its normal operation?

The hydrolysis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What concentration gradients are established and maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

High Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs during a single cycle of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms?

Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients; passive mechanisms move solutes with concentration gradients Signup and view all the answers

If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant, what will happen?

The cells will swell. Signup and view all the answers

Cell membranes are said to be __________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

Selectively permeable Signup and view all the answers

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?

G1, S, and G2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Signup and view all the answers

During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?

Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

Telophase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to ______ cells.

Sex Signup and view all the answers

The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) _____ solution.

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?

Exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as?

The membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diffusion

Definition: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion involves protein aid for molecule movement (e.g., Na+).
Comparison: Simple diffusion occurs without protein assistance.

Concentration and Solutions

Small concentration gradients slow down diffusion.
Hypertonic solutions contain the most solute compared to others.
Isotonic solutions maintain homeostasis between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

Cell Behavior in Solutions

In severe dehydration, extracellular fluids become hypertonic, causing cells to shrink.
Dilution of sodium chloride in interstitial fluid leads to cell swelling.

Membrane Transport

Water and small ions enter cells via channels formed by integral membrane proteins.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from higher to lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein.

Active Transport Mechanisms

Calcium is typically transported out of cells against its concentration gradient via the calcium pump, powered by ATP hydrolysis.
Sodium-potassium pump creates high extracellular Na+ and high intracellular K+ concentrations, transporting three Na+ ions out of the cell per cycle.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients; passive transport works with them.

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Interphase phases: G1, S, G2 (where S is when DNA replication occurs).
Mitosis phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during prophase; sister chromatids align at the center during metaphase and separate during anaphase.

Cytokinesis and Cell Types

Cytokinesis is the process where the cytoplasm divides.
Mitosis is associated with somatic cells, while meiosis is associated with sex cells.

Effects of Environment on Cells

Blood cells undergo crenation (shriveling) in hypertonic solutions.
Exocytosis is the process used by cells to expel materials.

Membrane Potential

The difference in electric potential across the cell membrane is termed membrane potential.

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Test your knowledge on the concepts of diffusion and cell membrane transport with these flashcards. This quiz covers important definitions and differences related to simple and facilitated diffusion, essential for mastering anatomy and physiology.