Limit x Tends to Infinity: Quiz and Flashcards

Understanding Limits in Mathematics

A limit is the value that a function or sequence approaches as the input or index approaches some value, and is essential to calculus and mathematical analysis.
Limits are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals, and are closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.
The modern definition of a limit goes back to Bernard Bolzano who developed the basics of the epsilon-delta technique in 1817, followed by Augustin-Louis Cauchy in 1821, and Karl Weierstrass.
The modern notation of placing the arrow below the limit symbol is due to G. H. Hardy, who introduced it in his book A Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908.
The expression 0.999... can be rigorously shown to have the limit 1, and therefore this expression is meaningfully interpreted as having the value 1.
A sequence can be convergent or divergent, and if it does have a limit, it has only one limit.
The limit of a sequence and the limit of a function are closely related.
There is also a notion of having a limit "at infinity," and a sequence is said to "tend to infinity" if for every possible bound, the magnitude of the sequence eventually exceeds the bound.
For the real numbers, there are corresponding notions of tending to positive infinity and negative infinity.
Sequences which do not tend to infinity are called bounded. Sequences which do not tend to positive infinity are called bounded above, while those which do not tend to negative infinity are bounded below.
The notion of limits can be defined for sequences valued in more abstract spaces, such as metric spaces.
An important example is the space of n-dimensional real vectors, with elements x1, x2,...,xn.Limits in Mathematics
Limits are real numbers that are approached by a sequence or a function.
A sequence is a list of numbers.
A distance function is a way to measure the distance between two points.
The Euclidean distance is an example of a distance function.
Topological spaces are the most abstract spaces in which limits can be defined.
The limit of a sequence is a point in a topological space that satisfies a certain condition.
Functional analysis seeks to identify useful notions of convergence on function spaces.
Pointwise convergence is when a sequence of functions converges to a function at each point.
Uniform convergence is when a sequence of functions converges to a function uniformly.
Lp spaces and Sobolev space are examples of function spaces with some notion of convergence.
The limit of a function as x approaches c is a real number that satisfies a certain condition.
The definition of the limit of a function involves the concepts of error, delta, and epsilon.Definition and properties of limits
Limits are a fundamental concept in calculus that describe the behavior of a function around a particular point.
The (ε, δ)-definition of limit states that a limit L exists for a function f(x) at a point c if, for any ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that |f(x) - L| < ε whenever 0 < |x - c| < δ.
The inequality 0 < |x - c| is used to exclude c from the set of points under consideration, though some authors don't include it in their definition of limits.
There is an equivalent definition of limits that connects limits of sequences and limits of functions, where a limit L exists if, for all sequences x_n that approach c, the sequence f(x_n) approaches L.
It is possible to define left-handed and right-handed limits, which may not agree, for functions that are not continuous at a particular point.
The positive indicator function is an example of a function that has a left-handed limit of 0 and a right-handed limit of 1 at x = 0, but its limit at x = 0 does not exist.Limits of Functions and Sequences: A Detailed Explanation
The expression lim x→c− f(x) ≠ lim x→c+ f(x) indicates that the limit of f as x approaches c from the left is not equal to the limit of f as x approaches c from the right.
The notion of "tending to infinity" can be defined in the domain of function f, where infinity is signed as either +∞ or -∞.
The limit of f as x tends to positive infinity is a real number L such that for any real ε>0, there exists an M>0 such that if x>M, then |f(x)-L|<ε. Alternatively, for any sequence xn→+∞, we have f(xn)→L.
The notion of "tending to infinity" can also be defined in the value of function f.
The definition of this notion states that for any real number M>0, there is a δ>0 such that for 0<|x-c|<δ, |f(x)|>M. Alternatively, for any sequence xn→c, we have f(xn)→∞.
In non-standard analysis, the limit of a sequence (an) can be expressed as the standard part of the value aH of the natural extension of the sequence at an infinite hypernatural index n=H.
The standard part function "st" rounds off each finite hyperreal number to the nearest real number, which formalizes the intuition that for very large values of the index, the terms in the sequence are very close to the limit value of the sequence.
The standard part of a hyperreal a=[an], represented in the ultrapower construction by a Cauchy sequence (an), is simply the limit of that sequence.
Taking the limit and taking the standard part are equivalent procedures in non-standard analysis.
The limit set of a sequence is the set of all accumulation points of the sequence.
The limit set of a sequence is always a closed set.
If a sequence converges, then its limit set is a singleton containing the limit point.
If a sequence does not converge, then its limit set may contain one or more accumulation points, but it cannot contain isolated points.