Master the Basics of Instructional Design
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered one of the founders of instructional systems design (ISD)?

  • Robert M. Gagné (correct)
  • Marie Curie
  • John F. Kennedy
  • Albert Einstein
  • What are the five phases of the ADDIE model?

  • Research, Design, Production, Testing, and Evaluation
  • Planning, Execution, Review, Analysis, and Improvement
  • Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (correct)
  • Preparation, Presentation, Practice, Participation, and Performance
  • What is the goal of instructional design?

  • To engage learners
  • To acquire knowledge (correct)
  • To create intervention
  • To deliver instructional materials
  • What is instructional design also known as?

    <p>Instructional systems design (ISD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three key elements of instructional design?

    <p>Analysis, design, evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During World War II, training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction, learning, and human behavior. What role did systems engineering play in this development?

    <p>Systems engineering provided the framework for developing training materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1950s, B. F. Skinner suggested that effective instructional materials should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback. What were these materials called?

    <p>Programmed instructional materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1956, a taxonomy with three domains of learning was published. What were these domains?

    <p>Cognitive, psychomotor, and affective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1960s, Robert Gagné described three domains of learning outcomes. What were these domains?

    <p>Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1970s, many instructional design models were developed. Which sector saw the most growth in instructional design during this time?

    <p>Industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1990s, the influence of which theory on instructional design became more prominent?

    <p>Constructivist theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist's work is widely used and cited in the design of instruction?

    <p>Robert Gagné</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of constructivist learning experiences?

    <p>Real-world learning environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of learning that constructivists consider important?

    <p>Performance improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which decade did rapid prototyping first emerge in instructional design?

    <p>1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did online learning become common?

    <p>2000 - 2010</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) change the definition of Educational Technology to in 2008?

    <p>The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which universities have established undergraduate and graduate degrees in technology-centered methods of designing and delivering education?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 2014 study show about the learning output of informal learning compared to formal training?

    <p>Informal learning and formal training have equal learning output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Gagné's work is widely used and cited in the design of ______, as exemplified by more than 130 citations in prominent journals in the field during the period from 1985 through 1990.

    <p>instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synthesizing ideas from behaviorism and ______, he provided a clear template, which is easy to follow for designing instructional events.

    <p>cognitivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructional designers who follow Gagné's theory will likely have tightly focused, efficient ______.

    <p>instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Gagné classified the types of learning outcomes by asking how learning might be ______.

    <p>demonstrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    His domains and outcomes of learning correspond to standard ______.

    <p>verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive Domain- Verbal information - is ______: state, recite, tell, declare

    <p>stated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intellectual skills - problem solve by generating ______ or procedures

    <p>solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive strategies - are used for ______

    <p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During World War II, a considerable amount of training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction, learning, and human behavior. Tests for assessing a learner's abilities were used to screen candidates for the training programs. After the success of military training, psychologists began to view training as a ______ and developed various analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.

    <p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B. F. Skinner's 1954 article 'The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching' suggested that effective instructional materials, called programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback; and should allow self-______.

    <p>pacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert F. Mager popularized the use of learning objectives with his 1962 article 'Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction'. The article describes how to write objectives including desired behavior, learning condition, and ______.

    <p>assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1956, a committee led by Benjamin Bloom published an influential taxonomy with three domains of learning: ______ (what one knows or thinks), psychomotor (what one does, physically) and affective (what one feels, or what attitudes one has).

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1965, Robert Gagné described three domains of learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, psychomotor), five learning outcomes (Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Cognitive Strategy, Attitude, Motor Skills), and nine events of instruction in 'The Conditions of Learning', which remain foundations of instructional design ______.

    <p>practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials ______ techniques).

    <p>presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructional design is the practice of systematically designing, developing and delivering instructional materials and experiences, both digital and physical, in a consistent and reliable fashion toward an efficient, effective, appealing, engaging and inspiring acquisition of ______

    <p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and ______

    <p>assumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: ______, design, development, implementation, and evaluation.

    <p>analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert M. Gagné is considered one of the founders of ISD due to the great influence his work, The Conditions of ______, has had on the discipline.

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral ______, though recently constructivism has influenced thinking in the field.

    <p>psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While the impact of each of these fields is difficult to quantify, it is argued that the language and the 'look and feel' of the early forms of instructional design and their progeny were derived from this ______ discipline.

    <p>engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructional design (ID), also known as instructional systems design (ISD), is the practice of systematically designing, developing and delivering instructional materials and experiences, both digital and physical, in a consistent and reliable fashion toward an efficient, effective, appealing, engaging and inspiring acquisition of ______.

    <p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process consists broadly of determining the state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some 'intervention' to assist in the ______.

    <p>transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and ______.

    <p>assumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral ______.

    <p>psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While the impact of each of these fields is difficult to quantify, it is argued that the language and the 'look and feel' of the early forms of instructional design and their progeny were derived from this ______ discipline.

    <p>engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert M. Gagné is considered one of the founders of ISD due to the great influence his work, The Conditions of ______, has had on the discipline.

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During World War II, a considerable amount of training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction, learning, and human behavior. Tests for assessing a learner's abilities were used to screen candidates for the training programs. After the success of military training, psychologists began to view training as a ______ and developed various analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.

    <p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Gagné described three domains of learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, psychomotor), five learning outcomes (Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Cognitive Strategy, Attitude, Motor Skills), and nine events of instruction in 'The Conditions of ______', which remain foundations of instructional design practices.

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials ______ techniques).

    <p>presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 1990s, the influence of constructivist theory on instructional design became more prominent as a counterpoint to the more traditional ______ learning theory.

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many instructional design models began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction. David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials ______ techniques.

    <p>presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many instructional design theorists began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction. David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials ______ techniques.

    <p>presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constructivists believe that learning experiences should be '______' and produce real-world learning environments that allow learners to construct their own knowledge

    <p>authentic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Performance improvement was also seen as an important outcome of learning that needed to be considered during the design process. The World Wide Web emerged as an online learning tool with hypertext and hypermedia being recognized as good tools for learning. As ______ advanced and constructivist theory gained popularity, ______'s use in the classroom began to evolve from mostly drill and skill exercises to more interactive activities that required more complex thinking on the part of the learner. Rapid prototyping was first seen during the 1990s. In this process, an instructional design project is prototyped quickly and then vetted through a series of try and revise cycles. This is a big departure from traditional methods of instructional design that took far longer to complete.

    <p>technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Online learning became common

    Signup and view all the answers

    Academic degrees focused on integrating ______, internet, and human–computer interaction with education gained momentum with the introduction of Learning Design and Technology (LDT) majors. Universities such as Bowling Green State University, Penn State, Purdue, San Diego State University, Stanford, Harvard University of Georgia, California State University, Fullerton, and Carnegie Mellon University have established undergraduate and graduate degrees in ______-centered methods of designing and delivering education.

    <p>technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informal learning became an area of growing importance in instructional design, particularly in the workplace. A 2014 study showed that

    Signup and view all the answers

    Fix the JSON above. Respond only in JSON

    Signup and view all the answers

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