Master Human Physiology Lab

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of solution based on its osmolarity?

Hyposmotic

Anisosmotic (correct)

Isosmotic

Hyperosmotic

Which of the following accurately describes an isotonic solution?

The cell will remain the same size and shape (correct)

The cell will shrink due to water loss

The cell will burst due to too much water entering the cell

The cell will swell due to water entering the cell

What is the main difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Hypertonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than hypotonic solutions.

Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than hypotonic solutions. (correct)

Hypotonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than hypertonic solutions.

Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than hypertonic solutions.

What is the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms?

Active mechanisms require energy, while passive mechanisms do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an active transport mechanism?

Exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

Ion pumps Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the cortisol release pathway?

Secretes CRH Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas while type 2 is caused by insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What are the two fluid compartments in the body?

Intracellular and extracellular Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between insulin and glucagon?

Insulin lowers blood sugar levels while glucagon increases them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions open to create an excitatory response in graded potentials and action potentials?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the fluid compartments of the body?

Both intracellular and extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between left-sided and right-sided heart failure?

Left-sided heart failure affects pulmonary blood pressures while right-sided heart failure affects systemic blood pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Graded potentials are all the same strength and start at the trigger zone of the axon hillock, while action potentials are variable in strength and start mainly at the dendrites or soma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the feedback mechanism for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid pathway?

Decreased T3 and T4 levels have a negative feedback on TRH and TSH secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway?

To regulate cortisol release in response to stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway?

It is responsible for cortisol release in response to stress. Signup and view all the answers

How does an IV of saline rehydrate a patient?

By causing water to leave the cells and enter the extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmolarity than hypertonic solutions Signup and view all the answers

What are EDV, ESV, stroke volume, and cardiac output measures of?

Heart function Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to treat hyperventilation?

Use a paper bag to replace the CO2 levels in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to treat hyperventilation?

Use a paper bag to replace the CO2 levels in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between fetal and maternal hemoglobin when it comes to their affinities to oxygen?

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen to ensure oxygen gets transferred from the maternal blood to the fetal blood in the placenta while maternal hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the placenta for the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

This is a study guide for a Human Physiology Lab final exam. It covers various topics from different lab sessions.

Lab 1: Osmosis, Tonicity, and Mechanisms of Transport Across a Membrane

Osmosis is defined as the movement of water across a membrane.
Hyperosmotic, hyposmotic, and isosmotic solutions are different in terms of their osmolarity.
Tonicity refers to how the extracellular fluid affects cell volume.
Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions have different effects on cell shape and size.
Active transport mechanisms require energy while passive transport mechanisms do not.
Examples of active mechanisms include ion pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis. Examples of passive transport mechanisms include diffusion and osmosis.

Lab 2: Internal and External Environment, Fluid Compartments, and Signal Pathways

Internal environment refers to the inside of the body while external environment refers to things outside the body.
The body has two fluid compartments: extracellular fluid (which has two compartments, interstitial fluid and plasma) and intracellular fluid.
A typical signaling pathway consists of five steps, starting with an extracellular signaling molecule and ending with a response from the target protein.

Lab 3: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Pathway and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Pathway

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway is responsible for cortisol release in response to stress.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid pathway is responsible for thyroid hormone release.
Both pathways involve negative feedback mechanisms.
Lab results for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism differ in terms of thyroid hormone and TSH levels.

Lab 4: Insulin and Glucagon

Insulin and glucagon are hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
Insulin lowers blood sugar levels while glucagon increases them.
Insulin levels are high during a fed state while glucagon levels are high during a fasted state.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas while type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance.

Lab 5: Graded Potentials and Action Potentials

Graded potentials are variable in strength and start mainly at the dendrites or soma.
Action potentials are all the same strength and start at the trigger zone of the axon hillock.
Sodium and calcium channels open to create an excitatory response while potassium channels open to create an inhibitory response.

Lab 6: Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction involves the synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate.
Sodium and calcium voltage-gated channels open in the synaptic knob, triggering the release of acetylcholine.
Chemically gated acetylcholine receptors and nonspecific monovalent cation channels open in the motor end plate, leading to depolarization and the creation of an end plate potential.

Lab 9: Heart and Blood Flow

Blood flows through the heart and body in a specific pathway involving various vessels and valves.
EDV, ESV, stroke volume, and cardiac output are all important measures of heart function.
Left-sided and right-sided heart failure can affect pulmonary and systemic blood pressures differently.

Lab 10: Hydrostatic Pressure and Col3. How does severe malnutrition affect capillary osmotic pressure?

• Severe malnutrition would cause a decrease in capillary osmotic pressure due to a decrease in plasma proteins, particularly albumin. • Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein. • Malnutrition or a protein-poor diet would deplete albumin stores because they would be used to make proteins that are not being consumed in the diet.

What would happen to capillary absorption if plasma proteins leaked out of the capillary?

• If plasma proteins leaked out of the capillary, it would reduce the absorption of fluids from the capillary to the surrounding tissues. • This would also result in edema forming as fluid would gather in the interstitial spaces between cells.

Lab 11

Know the formula for pulmonary and alveolar ventilation rates.

• Pulmonary Ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate • Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate x (tidal volume – dead air space) • Dead air space = 150 mL

Know how the partial pressure of oxygen is affected by:

a. Hyperventilation

Oxygen levels increase because you are taking deeper breaths and bringing more air into the body.

b. Hypoventilation

Oxygen levels decrease because you are taking shallower breaths, and not enough oxygen is coming into the body.

Know how the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is affected by:

a. Hyperventilation

Carbon dioxide levels are decreased because excessive breathing is expelling more CO2 from the body than normal.

b. Hypoventilation

Carbon dioxide levels are increased because the body is producing more CO2 than it can eliminate because you aren't able to take deeper breaths to get more oxygen into the body.

What is the best and easiest way to treat hyperventilation?

The best and easiest way to treat hyperventilation is to use a paper bag to replace the CO2 levels in the body.

What is the difference between fetal and maternal hemoglobin when it comes to their affinities to oxygen?

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen to ensure oxygen gets transferred from the maternal blood to the fetal blood in the placenta.
Maternal hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the placenta for the fetus.

Lab 12

Be able to trace a drop of water from the glomerulus to the urethra.

• Plasma in the afferent arteriole • Glomerulus • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Descending limb of the loop of Henle • Loop of Henle • Ascending limb of the loop of Henle • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct • Renal papilla • Renal calyces • Renal pelvis • Ureter • Bladder • Urethra

How does a diuretic treat edema? Be detailed.

A diuretic treats edema by helping rid the body of excess water through the urine.
It creates a decrease in the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries so filtration will decrease.
This will increase absorption of water and pull it back into the tissues.

Know the hydrogen concentration level and pH of the following:

a. Metabolic acidosis

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Description

Test your knowledge of human physiology lab with this comprehensive study guide for the final exam. From osmosis and transport mechanisms to neuromuscular junctions and the heart, this quiz covers various topics from different lab sessions. You'll also learn about insulin and glucagon, edema, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation rates, and much more. Sharpen your skills and review key concepts to ace your exam with this helpful human physiology lab quiz.