Mass Media and Health Promotion

The media serves as a source of accurate health information and advocates for proper health practices.

Local and international media acts as a bridge between health professionals and the public.

Understanding these aspects ensures the media can accurately and effectively convey information about a disease to the public.

<p>Mass media provides a platform for health workers to reach a larger audience, particularly in remote and underserved areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass media provides critical information regarding new diseases, their symptoms, and the locations where individuals can access healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass media informs the public about the importance of immunization, raising awareness and encouraging participation in vaccination drives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass media plays a crucial role in conveying information about the causes of infant mortality, such as diarrhea and preventable diseases, promoting vaccination and preventive measures in rural areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass media can be used to alert the public about seasonal health risks, such as seasonal outbreaks, or daily variations, like weather-related illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass media helps promote new health behaviors, policies and practices by educating the public, raising awareness and encouraging individuals to incorporate these changes in their lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media studies, media psychology, communication theory, and sociology focus on the impact of mass media and media culture on individual or audience thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media influence refers to the impact of media messages on audience beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects are the measurable changes in attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that result from exposure to media messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media influence is contingent on factors such as audience demographics, psychological characteristics, and the nature of the media message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects can be positive or negative, abrupt or gradual, and short-term or long-lasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers study changes in audience cognition, belief systems, attitudes, and emotional, physiological, and behavioral effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects are the social, cultural, and psychological impact of transmitting information through mass media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects researchers study ways to control, enhance, or mitigate the impact of mass media on individuals and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects researchers explore the relationship between types of content, types of media, and how they affect individuals in specific situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early researchers believed that developing mass media technologies like radio and film held an almost irresistible power to influence audience beliefs, cognition, and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assumption was that audiences were passive and homogeneous, meaning they were easily influenced by media messages without any critical evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speed of information dissemination through mass broadcasting technology and the use of propaganda during wartime contributed to the perception that mass media had a powerful impact on audiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early media effects theories concluded that mass media was all-powerful, able to influence audiences significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypodermic needle model, or magic bullet theory, sees the audience as passive recipients of media messages, unable to resist or avoid their influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limited media effects phase emphasized empirical research and acknowledged the complex nature of media effects, recognizing the importance of individual differences and cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Payne Fund studies conducted in the United States examined the effects of media on young people during a specific period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hovland et al. conducted experimental studies to evaluate the effectiveness of using films to indoctrinate American military recruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lazarsfeld and his colleagues investigated the effectiveness of media campaigns in influencing voter behavior during democratic elections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers discovered a substantial amount of empirical evidence supporting the individualized nature of media effects, highlighting the variability in how individuals perceive and respond to media messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intervening variables include demographic attributes, social psychological factors, and media use behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berelson concluded that the impact of communication on individuals is contingent on factors such as the type of communication, the nature of the issues being discussed, the audience, and the context in which the communication takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representative theories include the two-step flow of communication, Klapper's selective exposure theory, and the hypodermic needle model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-step flow of communication theory proposes that media messages influence individuals indirectly, primarily through opinion leaders who interpret and relay information to those who follow them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klapper's selective exposure theory suggests that audiences are not passive consumers of media content but actively choose media that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs and convictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New evidence emerged suggesting that mass media messages could indeed lead to measurable social effects, challenging the prevailing notion that media effects were limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lang and Lang argued that the widespread acceptance of limited media effect theory was unwarranted and that the evidence available at the time did not justify concluding that media effects were insignificant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The widespread use of television in the 1950s and 1960s led to a recognition of its unprecedented power on social lives, prompting a shift in focus from short-term to long-term media effects research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;stimuli-reaction&quot; model introduced the possibility of profound long-term media effects, expanding the research focus beyond immediate, short-term responses to media messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emphasis in this phase shifted to areas such as collective cultural patterns, definitions of social reality, ideology, and institutional behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media can select, process, and shape content in ways that influence how it is received and interpreted, leading to both short-term and long-term consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representative theories from this phase include agenda-setting theory and framing theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agenda-setting theory describes how the media's selection of topics and the frequency of coverage affect the public's perception of the importance of those topics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Framing refers to the media's ability to manipulate the audience's interpretation of a media message through careful control of angles, facts, opinions, and coverage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge-gap theory suggests that higher socioeconomic groups tend to acquire information faster than lower socioeconomic groups, leading to a widening gap in knowledge between different segments of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to media messages, particularly television, can shape an individual's perception of the real world, causing them to draw inferences about reality based on the content they consume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers examined the role of media in shaping social realities during this phase, exploring the concept of &quot;social constructivist&quot; theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social constructivist theory suggests that society and social realities are not absolute but rather constantly being constructed and shaped through social interactions, including those mediated by mass media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media constructs images of society in a patterned and predictable way, both in news and entertainment, presenting narratives and perspectives that influence our perceptions of social groups, relationships, and institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals can exert control over their interactions with media-constructed realities by choosing which information to engage with, interpreting it in light of their own experiences and beliefs, and critically evaluating the narratives presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researchers added qualitative and ethnographic research methods to existing quantitative approaches, providing a more nuanced understanding of media effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research focused on analyzing media effects surrounding coverage of minority and fringe social movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Van Zoonen's research examined the contribution of mass media to the women's movement in the Netherlands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research on the effects of computer-mediated environments emerged as early as the 1970s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early CMC research focused on the impact of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on interpersonal and group interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early CMC research examined social interactions and impressions formed among CMC partners, considering the influence of anonymized communication or the absence of nonverbal cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first generation of CMC researchers compared &quot;text-only&quot; internet content, such as emails, to face-to-face communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daft and Lengel developed the media richness theory to assess the ability of media to reproduce information effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The internet became widely adopted for personal use in the 1990s, prompting a surge in research on CMC effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influential theories developed during this phase include social information processing theory and social identification/deindividuation theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These theories help us understand how CMC influences user behaviors by examining factors like how it affects social interactions, perceptions of identity, and group dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CMC effect studies in this phase focused on comparing the effects of CMC on behavior to those observed in face-to-face communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of dynamic user-generated content on websites and social media platforms contributed to the evolution of CMC research, making it more relevant and relevant to the current media landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The internet-enhanced self-disclosure hypothesis suggests that adolescents primarily use social media platforms to maintain real-life friendships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid evolution of new CMC technologies calls for new and evolving media effects theories to keep pace with the ever-changing media landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vast scope and complexity of media effects studies present a challenge in organizing and analyzing this body of research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Media effects are often organized by their targeted audience type, either focusing on individuals (micro-level) or on a larger audience aggregate (macro-level).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representative theories at the micro-level include elaboration likelihood model, social cognitive theory of mass communication, framing theory, and priming theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals can be impacted by media in six different ways at the micro-level: cognitive, belief, attitude, affect, physiological, and behavioral effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive effects occur when individuals acquire new information, meaning, or messages through media consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The third-person effect occurs when individuals underestimate their own susceptibility to media influence while overestimating its impact on others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors contributing to the third-person effect include attribution theory and the tendency to offer situational reasons for the influence of media on oneself while attributing dispositional reasons to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming is a widely used concept in media effects studies to explain how exposure to media content, such as violent media, can influence an individual's attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, suggesting that individuals can learn new behaviors by observing others, particularly through media characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miller and Dollard pioneered social learning theory, while Bandura further expanded on this concept, emphasizing the potential for individuals to learn behaviors by observing fictitious characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research on media violence often focuses on its effects on children and adolescents, exploring factors such as disinhibition, imitation, and desensitization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disinhibition theory suggests that exposure to violent media can legitimize the use of violence, leading individuals to become less inhibited and more likely to engage in aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desensitization occurs when repeated exposure to violent media leads to a diminished emotional response to violence, making individuals less sensitive to its real-world implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive effects of media violence can include an increased belief in the prevalence of violence in the world, leading to heightened anxiety and a sense of personal safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agenda-setting theory focuses on how the media influences the public's perception of the importance of different issues by selecting which topics to cover and how much attention to give them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Framing theory explores how media can influence the audience's interpretation of a message by controlling variables such as angles, facts, opinions, and coverage, thus shaping their understanding of the issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers