Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Questions and Answers

According to Maslow, what is the most basic need that must be fulfilled first?

Belongingness

Esteem needs

Self-actualization

Biological or physiological needs (correct)

What is the main concept of cognitive attribution theory?

Emotions are purely genetic

People's emotions are caused by their thoughts and beliefs (correct)

Feelings are caused by external factors

Thoughts and emotions are unrelated

What is the main principle of the theory of achievement motivation?

Seeking self-actualization

Achieving esteem needs

Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain (correct)

Fulfilling physiological needs

What is meant by 'emotions have to obey certain laws'?

Emotions are involuntary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Financial security Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lower and higher levels of needs, according to Taormina?

Lower levels need to be satisfied first for the person to satisfy the top levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the theory of achievement motivation?

Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption of cognitive attribution theory?

Feelings are caused by thoughts and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Situational Meaning related to?

Emotions arising from the meaning of a situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Concern related to?

Emotions arising in response to events that are important Signup and view all the answers

According to the Law of Apparent Reality, what kind of events elicit emotions?

Events that are appraised as real Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Affective Contrast state?

Loss of satisfaction does not yield a neural condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Habituation related to?

Continued pleasure wears off Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Comparative Feeling related to?

The intensity of emotions depends on the relationship between the event and the reference point Signup and view all the answers

Do animals share the same emotions as humans?

No, emotions require conscious subjective feelings and humans are the only ones with those Signup and view all the answers

What do the laws of emotion describe?

Mechanisms that are not voluntary and only partially under control Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Biological or Physiological Needs: physical needs necessary for survival, such as food, shelter, and warmth
Safety Needs: feeling safe in one's environment, having no threats, and having financial security
Belongingness Needs: having pleasant interactions with people and forming interpersonal relationships
Esteem Needs: respect for oneself and others, self-respect, and recognition from others
Self-Actualization Needs: the process of becoming who one uniquely is, involving creativity and personal growth

Taormina's Views on Maslow's Hierarchy

Lower levels of needs must be satisfied first in order to satisfy higher levels of needs
Anxiety and worrying can lower self-esteem levels
Family support and traditional values can positively support the needs from lower and higher levels

Cognitive Attribution Theory

The core concept is that people explain the causes of their and others' emotions
Assumption: feelings are caused by thoughts and beliefs about causality
Causal Locus: the cause of emotions can reside within or outside a person (internal or external)
Causal Stability: the cause of emotions can be stable or fluctuate over time
Causal Control: the changeability of the cause of emotions

Theory of Achievement Motivation

Early pleasure-pain principle: individuals strive to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
Source of motivation shifted from basic needs to psychogenic desire (power and status)
Strong focus on motivation, including both intrinsic (non-materialistic reward, e.g., pride) and extrinsic (materialistic reward, e.g., money) motivation

Laws of Emotions (Frijda)

Emotions involve a change in action readiness and are assumed to rest on underlying mechanisms that generate emotions and are involuntary
12 Laws of Emotions:
- Law of Situational Meaning: emotions arise in response to the meaning of a given situation
- Law of Concern: emotions arise in response to events that are important
- Law of Apparent Reality: emotions are elicited by events appraised as real
- Law of Change: emotions are elicited by actual or expected change
- Law of Affective Contrast: loss of satisfaction does not yield a neutral condition
- Law of Habituation: continued pleasure wears off
- Law of Comparative Feeling: intensity of emotions depends on the relationship between the event and a reference point
- Law of Hedonic Asymmetry: pleasure is always contingent upon change, while pain may persist under adverse conditions
- Law of Conservation of Emotional Momentum: emotions persist, and emotional events retain their power to elicit emotions indefinitely unless counteracted
- Law of Closure: emotions tend to be closed for judgment of relativity of impact
- Law of Care for Consequences: emotions elicit secondary impulses that modify the action in view of its consequences
- Law of Lightest Load and Greatest Pain: minimizing negative emotional load and maximizing emotional gain

Emotions and Consciousness

Emotions are conscious and subjective feelings
Emotional reactions can occur as core affective processes and can occur with conscious feelings
Emotional and motivational processes occur in people, involving both subjective feelings and underlying core psychological processes with objective features

Emotions in Animals

Emotions do not necessarily reflect conscious subjective feelings
Animals may share similar emotional processes and brain circuitry with humans, but there is no proof that they have subjective feelings