Marx's Theory of the Lumpen Proletariat and Capitalism
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Questions and Answers

Which term is often used interchangeably with social class inequality?

  • Social cohesion
  • Social status
  • Social mobility
  • Social stratification (correct)

    • What is the main difference between status and role?

  • Status is achieved through ability and effort, while role is imposed involuntarily.
  • Status refers to one's ethnicity or religion, while role refers to occupation and career.
  • Status is the position you occupy, while role is the behavioral expectations associated with that position. (correct)
  • Status is always chosen, while role is imposed by society.

    • What type of status is imposed involuntarily and often determined at birth?

  • Inherited status
  • Occupational status
  • Ascribed status (correct)
  • Achieved status

    • What was a common form of social stratification that involved slaves and owners?

    <p>Slavery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification?

    <p>Social mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of status is based on one's abilities and efforts?

    <p>Achieved status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sociological understanding of equity?

    <p>Rewards are based on one's contributions to the group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural class focus on?

    <p>Prestige and power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the upper-upper class from the lower-upper class?

    <p>Inherited wealth vs. newly acquired wealth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is more commonly applied at the macro level of society?

    <p>Equality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes having a lot more of one factor (e.g., prestige) than another (e.g., power)?

    <p>Status inconsistency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is applied more at the meso level in society?

    <p>Equity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Karl Marx advocate for regarding societal distribution?

    <p>Equal distribution based on individual needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to making decisions that impact others despite having little property or prestige?

    <p>Political class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lower-upper class mentioned in the text?

    <p>Conspicuous consumption and flaunting wealth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the ideologies of conservatives and liberals in terms of social organization?

    <p>'Individual precedence' vs. 'Collective precedence' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Weber's concept of class differ from Marx's concept?

    <p>Weber includes power and prestige in addition to property. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Relative needs' are most often applied in which context according to the text?

    <p>'Micro level' in families and among friends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Equality is not always social justice whereas relative needs better fits notions of social justice.' What does this statement imply?

    <p>'Relative needs are more aligned with achieving social justice' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Self-interest' plays a significant role in disagreements about inequality primarily due to what factor?

    <p>'Ethical systems' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant view in modern societies regarding stratification?

    <p>Stratification should be based on natural inequalities of ability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do functionalists argue for social inequality based on the text?

    <p>To preserve the status quo in society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one argument used by functionalists to justify social stratification?

    <p>Different tasks in society have varying importance and difficulty levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text mention as a criticism of the functionalist explanation of social stratification?

    <p>It fails to consider the importance of inherited wealth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text suggest that social stratification is not an accessible competition?

    <p>As people face various social barriers to success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason provided in the text for rewarding people differently based on their occupations?

    <p>Scarcity of skills justifies higher rewards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical perspective mentioned in the text supports social inequality and preserving the status quo?

    <p><strong>Functionalism</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do functionalists argue for rewarding certain occupations more than others?

    <p><strong>Based on a hierarchy of job importance and scarcity of skills.</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main critique of the structural functionalist explanation of social stratification according to the text?

    <p>It ignores the importance of power in society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to conflict theory, what is the primary driver of social stratification?

    <p>Conflict of interest in coercion and manipulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic concept did Karl Marx emphasize as shaping the superstructure of society?

    <p>Mode of production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Marx refer to as the difference between the cost of production and the price at which a product is sold?

    <p>Surplus value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marx consider as the primary indicator for predicting other societal aspects like education, family systems, and politics?

    <p>Mode of production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the proletariat from the bourgeoisie in Marxist theory?

    <p>Self-employment and non-employment of others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class according to Marx extracts surplus value from others?

    <p>Bourgeoisie (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary factor that determined one's social status in the caste system described?

    <p>Religion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what is a defining characteristic of modern stratification systems?

    <p>Status is earned through merit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical event led to the abolition of the caste system in India?

    <p>Independence from Britain in 1949 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the text describe as the main reason for someone to become a slave historically?

    <p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect plays a significant role in determining distributive justice according to the text?

    <p>Equality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system saw movement based on the reincarnation belief in Hinduism?

    <p>Caste system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modernization lead to in terms of stratification systems?

    <p>Transition from closed social systems to open social systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marx, what is the main characteristic of capitalism?

    <p>Exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group holds the lowest position in the caste system described in the text?

    <p>Dalits or untouchables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marx predict would happen in the future in relation to the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

    <p>The proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was stratification seen as natural in societies according to the text?

    <p>Considered inherent to human nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes social democrats according to the text?

    <p>Moderate Marxists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to Marx, what aspect of society did Max Weber believe was overemphasized?

    <p>Economic determinism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weber, what is considered a subjective form of social class?

    <p>Prestige (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marx believe would lead to a utopian, classless society?

    <p>Eradication of private property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'They only call it class warfare when we fight back.' What does this quote imply?

    <p>'Class warfare' is ongoing but unnoticed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the upper working class from the middle class according to the text?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class is most likely to be impacted by economic changes according to the text?

    <p>Upper working class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor between the lower middle and upper middle classes?

    <p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group tends to follow the orders given by upper middle-class professionals?

    <p>Lower middle class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the lower-working or working poor class?

    <p>Seasonal and temporary jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the analogies provided in the text highlight the difference between 'Equality of Opportunity' and 'Inequality of Condition'?

    <p>They illustrate unequal starting lines and advantages, reflecting disparities in conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor plays a key role in upward social mobility according to the text?

    <p>Education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe movement between different positions within a system of social stratification?

    <p>Circulation mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is mentioned as suffering more from underemployment compared to previous generations in the text?

    <p>Gen Z and millennials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the least mobile social classes according to the text?

    <p>Very top and very bottom classes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mobility is described as a zero-sum game in social stratification?

    <p>Circulation mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to refer to a comparison of an individual's social class with that of their parents and ancestors?

    <p>Intergenerational mobility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of individuals believe in keeping rewards unequal and making people work for and compete for rewards?

    <p>Conservatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Canada's wealth inequality compare to Brazil and Sweden based on the text?

    <p>Canada is closer to Sweden in wealth distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of household income distribution, what does the 'wine glass effect' refer to based on the text?

    <p>A higher concentration of wealth among the top 1% of the population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic between income and wealth?

    <p>Wealth is accumulated while income fluctuates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are among the wealthiest individuals in Canada as per the text?

    <p>David Thomson and family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty as described in the text?

    <p>Absolute poverty indicates a lack of basic necessities compared to others, while relative poverty considers income disparities within a society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do socialists believe regarding social equality?

    <p>'Equality of condition' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of social stratification, what do conservatives tend to favor according to the text?

    <p>'Equity over equality' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Relative needs' better fits notions of social justice than 'equality.' What does this statement imply?

    <p>Needs should be considered relative to individual circumstances for true social justice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social class tends to historically be more liberal and socialistic according to the text?

    <p>Working class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between white collar crime and blue collar crime as mentioned in the text?

    <p>White collar crime occurs in boardrooms, while blue collar crime occurs in the street. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept reflects the belief that anyone can achieve what they want if they work hard?

    <p>Equality of Opportunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Durkheim, Marx, and Weber establish as a material social fact that has a formative impact on social chances in the real world?

    <p>Inequality of Condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of social class mentioned in the text raises questions about whether everyone has the same opportunity or chance?

    <p>Inequality of Condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main questions about wealth in Canada?

    <p>'How much wealth do Canadians have?' and 'How is it distributed?' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analogy mentioned in the text illustrates inequality of condition by showing that some people start further back than others?

    <p>'100 m dash' analogy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emphasizes that everyone has access to public schooling and libraries, but their quality differs across locations, impacting opportunities?

    <p>Inequality of Condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does not owning a phone have on job eligibility according to the text?

    <p>Reduces chances of getting a job (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is relative poverty defined in the text?

    <p>Relative to society's standard of living (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many Canadians not think in terms of social class according to the text?

    <p>Tendency to associate more with similar social classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way prestige is measured in terms of social class according to the text?

    <p>By occupational status and authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the poverty line calculated as per the text?

    <p>When a family spends 20% higher than the average Canadian after-tax income on necessities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group had the highest rates of individuals below the low-income cutoff line in 2020 according to the text?

    <p>Indigenous people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason suggested in the text for the reluctance of people to identify as working class?

    <p>Embarrassment associated with working-class status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'prestige' relate to forming social class according to the text?

    <p>Attached to occupation and career (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe individuals below the low-income cutoff line according to the text?

    <p>Lower-class individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Weber categorize as one of the dimensions of socioeconomic class?

    <p>Property, prestige, power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does technology impact the rich and the lower class differently according to the text?

    <p>It helps the rich get richer and makes the poor poorer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is life expectancy lower for individuals in the lower class according to the text?

    <p>They experience constant uncertainty and insecurity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes parenting patterns between middle class and lower class families according to the text?

    <p>Middle-class parents emphasize internalization of norms, while lower-class parents focus on attitude development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does technology affect job security for the lower class according to the text?

    <p>Technology takes jobs from the lower class, making their employment more uncertain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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