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Questions and Answers
What was the primary belief of Marx regarding industrial society?
What was the primary belief of Marx regarding industrial society?
- That private property promotes equality
- That workers produced profit for capitalists (correct)
- That capitalism would replace communism
- That all economic systems are temporary
What significant event is referred to as the October Revolution?
What significant event is referred to as the October Revolution?
- The end of Tsar Nicholas II's rule
- The formation of the Second International
- The socialists' takeover of the Russian government (correct)
- The establishment of the Labour Party
What was a common characteristic of workers in early 20th century Russia?
What was a common characteristic of workers in early 20th century Russia?
- They had equal skill levels
- They were a socially divided group (correct)
- They were united in all political matters
- They received fair wages without conflict
What role did foreign investment play in Russia's industrial development during the 1890s?
What role did foreign investment play in Russia's industrial development during the 1890s?
How did the Russian nobility maintain their power?
How did the Russian nobility maintain their power?
Which political party was founded by socialists in Russia in 1898?
Which political party was founded by socialists in Russia in 1898?
What sparked the desire for land redistribution among Russian peasants?
What sparked the desire for land redistribution among Russian peasants?
What was the general state of Russian society before 1914?
What was the general state of Russian society before 1914?
What significant event occurred on the right bank of the River Neva that affected workers?
What significant event occurred on the right bank of the River Neva that affected workers?
Who played a leading role in the strikes on International Women's Day?
Who played a leading role in the strikes on International Women's Day?
What did the Provisional Government face from the population during its rule?
What did the Provisional Government face from the population during its rule?
What did Lenin's 'April Theses' advocate for?
What did Lenin's 'April Theses' advocate for?
What was formed by the Bolshevik leaders and the Duma leaders?
What was formed by the Bolshevik leaders and the Duma leaders?
What was the key aim of the Military Revolutionary Committee appointed by the Soviet?
What was the key aim of the Military Revolutionary Committee appointed by the Soviet?
Which event marked the beginning of the significant shift in power during the February Revolution?
Which event marked the beginning of the significant shift in power during the February Revolution?
What action did peasants take between July and September 1917?
What action did peasants take between July and September 1917?
What measures were introduced by Stalin in 1928 to address grain supply issues in Soviet Russia?
What measures were introduced by Stalin in 1928 to address grain supply issues in Soviet Russia?
What was the fate of well-to-do peasants, known as 'kulaks', during Stalin's collectivisation period?
What was the fate of well-to-do peasants, known as 'kulaks', during Stalin's collectivisation period?
What happened to agricultural production in the USSR immediately following collectivisation?
What happened to agricultural production in the USSR immediately following collectivisation?
Which group suffered a significant population decrease during 1930-1933 due to bad harvests?
Which group suffered a significant population decrease during 1930-1933 due to bad harvests?
What did Stalin's government do to independent cultivators during the collectivisation period?
What did Stalin's government do to independent cultivators during the collectivisation period?
What was the social condition of workers in Russia prior to 1905?
What was the social condition of workers in Russia prior to 1905?
What led to the global influence of the USSR before World War II?
What led to the global influence of the USSR before World War II?
By the end of the twentieth century, how had the international reputation of the USSR changed?
By the end of the twentieth century, how had the international reputation of the USSR changed?
What was a significant social characteristic of Russia's population before 1917?
What was a significant social characteristic of Russia's population before 1917?
Which statement accurately describes the political structure of Russia under the Tsar?
Which statement accurately describes the political structure of Russia under the Tsar?
What event marked the beginning of the 1905 revolution in Russia?
What event marked the beginning of the 1905 revolution in Russia?
What was a consequence of the Tsar dismissing the first two Dumas?
What was a consequence of the Tsar dismissing the first two Dumas?
Which factor significantly contributed to the Tsarist autocracy's collapse during World War I?
Which factor significantly contributed to the Tsarist autocracy's collapse during World War I?
How did foreign investment impact Russian industry in the 1890s?
How did foreign investment impact Russian industry in the 1890s?
What was a significant agricultural trend in Russia compared to France and Germany before 1917?
What was a significant agricultural trend in Russia compared to France and Germany before 1917?
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the rise of revolution against the Tsar?
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the rise of revolution against the Tsar?
What happened to industries and banks by November 1917?
What happened to industries and banks by November 1917?
Which of the following changes occurred regarding land ownership after the October Revolution?
Which of the following changes occurred regarding land ownership after the October Revolution?
What was the fate of the old aristocratic titles after the Bolshevik takeover?
What was the fate of the old aristocratic titles after the Bolshevik takeover?
Which party replaced the Bolshevik Party after the October Revolution?
Which party replaced the Bolshevik Party after the October Revolution?
What was the outcome of the elections conducted to the constituent assembly by the Bolsheviks?
What was the outcome of the elections conducted to the constituent assembly by the Bolsheviks?
What significant political structure did the All Russian Congress of Soviets become?
What significant political structure did the All Russian Congress of Soviets become?
How were trade unions managed under Bolshevik control?
How were trade unions managed under Bolshevik control?
What was one of the main reactions of young artists and writers towards the Bolshevik Party?
What was one of the main reactions of young artists and writers towards the Bolshevik Party?
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Study Notes
Marxist Theory and Socialist Movements
- Capitalism characterized by private ownership of capital and profit generated from worker labor.
- Marx predicted a future communist society following the overthrow of capitalism.
- By the 1870s, socialist movements were gaining momentum across Europe, forming the Second International.
- Worker associations in Germany and England emerged to advocate for improved living and working conditions.
- Formation of the Labour Party and Socialist Party by trade unionists in 1905.
The Russian Revolution: Key Events
- October Revolution of 1917 saw socialists seize governmental power.
- The February Revolution led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, marking the end of the Russian monarchy.
- Russia in 1914: an expansive empire under Tsar Nicholas II, comprising modern-day Finland, the Baltic states, parts of Poland, Ukraine, and Central Asian territories.
Economic and Social Conditions in Early 20th Century Russia
- Predominantly agrarian society; agriculture was the primary livelihood for about 85% of the population.
- Industrial areas prominently in St Petersburg and Moscow with a mix of large factories and craft workshops.
- Growth in factories during the 1890s fueled by foreign investment, leading to a significant increase in coal and iron production.
- Workers were socially divided by skill level and experience, yet united in labor disputes.
Peasant Discontent and Socialism in Russia
- Legality of political parties existed pre-1914, with socialist principles beginning to take root.
- The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was established in 1898, upholding Marxist ideologies.
- Herbivores were adopted in urban settings, leading to greater demands for rights and land.
- Strikes, especially by women, catalyzed change, culminating in demonstrations for better wages and working conditions.
February Revolution Aftermath
- Provisional Government established post-abdication of the Tsar with liberals and socialists aiming for reforms.
- Lenin returned from exile in April 1917 advocating for an end to the war and land redistribution.
- Growing discontent led to the establishment of workers’ movements and calls for land reform.
October Revolution
- Lenin and the Bolsheviks orchestrated a socialist takeover on October 16, 1917.
- Establishment of the Military Revolutionary Committee to facilitate the seizure of power.
- Subsequent governmental reforms included nationalization of industries and banks, declaration of land as social property, and redistribution of housing.
Effects of Bolshevik Rule
- Rapid nationalization of industries and banks by November 1917.
- Seizure of nobility-owned land by peasants recognized as social property.
- Reform of housing, banning aristocratic titles, and redesigning military uniforms.
- Initiation of elections for a Constituent Assembly, which ultimately failed to achieve a Bolshevik majority.
Consequences of the Russian Revolution
- Russia transitioned to a one-party state under the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
- Trade unions came under the party’s control; dissent was suppressed via a secret police.
- Notable developments in arts and architecture occurred alongside censorship challenges.
International Impact of the Russian Revolution
- Inspired global spread of communist parties.
- The USSR emerged as a significant international power by the end of the twentieth century, reshaping global perceptions of socialism.
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