Martial Arts Virtues and Capabilities

• Virtues in martial arts are memorized using the acronym "H-E-L-P-A-R-C-S-I-D-E-S"
• Humility means keeping a low profile
• Etiquette involves following rules and polite behaviors
• Loyalty constitutes duty and devotion
• Patience is the ability to endure provocation
• Accountability refers to being responsible
• Respect involves admiration
• Confidence means believing in your own abilities
• Sincerity is honesty in expressing feelings
• Intelligence is the ability to learn and apply facts
• Diligence includes persistent effort
• Enthusiasm is passionate interest
• Self-discipline means doing what is necessary

Capabilities to Improve in Learning Martial Arts

• Balance is achieved through proper body alignment
• Endurance is maintained through continuous practice
• Speed is a quick action, with three types: Perceptual, Mental, and Alteration Speed
• Timing is crucial for hitting
• Good posture helps with graceful movement and power
• Power involves executing skills from a strong base
• Coordination enables integrating body power and capabilities

Achieving Martial Arts Fitness

• Fitness includes physical and mental health
• Martial arts fitness enhances strength and flexibility
• It is a survival-based approach to health

Areas and Principles of Arnis

• Arnis has twelve areas, including single stick, double long weapon, and empty hands

Basic Concepts of Arnis

• Modern Arnis, founded by Remy Presas, is a Filipino martial art for self-defense
• Arnis became the Philippines' national martial art in 2009
• RA 9850 promotes arnis and includes it in physical education

Essential Principles of Arnis

• The true power of Arnis relies on its underlying principles
• Principles are classified into physical and psychological aspects

The Physical Principle

• Learners must emphasize speed in strokes, hand movements, footwork, and spotting weaknesses
• Agility is developed through staring without winking
• Wrist relaxation is needed after each stroke

The Psychological Principle

• Learners should remain calm and aware of their opponent
• Failure to assess movements can be fatal

Standard Equipment in Arnis

• The cane or baston is standard, made of rattan and 28-30 inches long
• Other equipment includes bladed weapons
• Grip is vital for controlling the cane

Courtesy in Arnis

• Courtesy means respect for one's opponent and sportsmanship

Achieving Big Dreams

• Achieved through faith, hope, and love

Focusing on Solutions

• Involves accountability and thankfulness

Focusing on Problems

• Leads to fears, worries, and doubts

Improving Through Failures

• Transforming fears to love enables reaching goals

The Cycle of Adventure

• Management involves planning and goal-setting
• Leadership fosters belief and commitment
• Providence ensures results and wealth

Networking Terms

• BGP: Border Gateway Protocol
• FTP: File Transfer Protocol
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
• IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
• IP: Internet Protocol
• MIME: Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension
• OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
• RSVP: Resource ReSerVation Protocol
• SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol

Default Gateway

• Acts as an access point for forwarding data outside the local network

Gateway's Role

• Primary function is routing data to external networks
• Manages network traffic, deciding local or outside destinations
• Connects internal networks to the wider internet

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices

Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing

• Default gateway has a unique IP address

DHCP Function

• Assigns IP addresses permanently

DHCP Process

• Supervises and distributes IP addresses

Motivation for DHCP

• Includes configuration parameters such as IP address and router

IP Addresses

• DHCP is used to allocate IP addresses

Types of IP Addresses

• Static addresses are permanent, assigned by ISPs
• Dynamic addresses are temporary

DHCP Importance

• Simplifies adding machines to networks

DHCP Work

• Client broadcasts request for address information
• Server attempts to return the same address
• Client can extend or release the lease

Advantages of DHCP

• Minimizes administrative burden
• Avoids IP address conflicts
• Provides IP addresses via relay agent

Disadvantages of DHCP

• Client cannot access network if DHCP server is unavailable
• Machine name does not change with a new IP address

Security Problem with DHCP

• Protocol is unauthenticated

Setup of DHCP

• Servers are easy to set up automatically

Limitations of DHCP

• Some machines need fixed addresses

Server Requirement for DHCP

• Continual operation for IP access

Simplified Routing Protocols

• Protocols include BGP, OSPF, RIP

Routing

• Process of moving data across networks

Router

• Directs data packets to destinations

How Routers Function

• Routing table stores path information
• Routers select the best route

Importance of Routing

• Efficient data transfer, minimized delays, and reliability

Static Routing

• Manually configured paths

Advantages of Static Routing

• Simple setup

Disadvantages of Static Routing

• Does not adapt to changes

Dynamic Routing

• Automatically updates paths

Advantages of Dynamic Routing

• Adaptable and scalable

Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing

• Complex to configure

Difference between Static and Dynamic Routing

• Static is fixed, dynamic is flexible

Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols

• Allow routers to share path information

Types of Dynamic Protocols

• RIP is simple for small networks
• OSPF is efficient for medium to large networks
• BGP controls internet-scale policies

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

• Distance-vector protocol

Hop Count in RIP

• Measures router passes
• Limit is 15 hops

RIP Function

• Routers share routing information every 30 seconds

Limitation of RIP

• Paths with more than 15 hops are discarded

RIP Versions

• v1 is classful routing
• v2 is classless routing

TCP/IP and OSI Model

• OSI was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

• International Standards Organization (ISO) developed universal architecture for computer communications
• Standard known as the OSI model
• The purpose of OSI is to permit communications among devices made by manufacturers

OSI Layers

• OSI has seven layers, each with a specific function

OSI Reference Model

• Specifies network functions at each layer
• Illustrates information travel through networks

OSI Layers include

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

Application Layer

• Provides access to the OSI environment for users and provides distributed information service such as: Web browsing (http), (smtp)

Presentation Layer

• Provides independence to the application process from difference in data representation (syntax) such as: ASCII, Unicode

Session Layer

• Provides the control structure for communication between application

Transport Layer

• Provides reliable, transparent transfer data between end points and provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control

Network Layer

• Provides upper layer with independence from the data transmission and switching technologies used to connect system, responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections

Data Link Layer

• Provides the reliable transfer of information across the physical link: sends blocks of data (frames) with the necessary synchronization, error control, and flow control

Physical Layer

• Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit stream over physical medium, deals with the mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural characteristics to access the physical.

OSI Reference Models

• Describes data flow from application programs through network

OSI Reference

• Provides accurate data delivery between computers (Host layers)
• Controls physical message delivery (Media Layers)

What the OSI model does

• Reduces complexity
• Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Assures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching & learning

OSI Lowest Layer

• Called Physical Layer or Layer 1,
• Responsible for transmission of bits,
• Always implemented by using hardware.
• Encompasses the mechanical, electrical, and functional interface.
• Is the interface to the outside world
• Uses electronic signals as specified by interface standards.

The Data Link Layer

• Called Layer 2,
• Responsible for ensuring error-free,
• Reliable transmission of data.
• Scrutinizes the bits received to determine if errors occurred during transmission.
• Able to request retransmission or correction of any errors using protocols.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Collection of protocols for connecting networks
• Specifies protocols for various levels of the OSI model

OSI and TCP/IP

• Network hardware and software collaborate in layers
• Each layer covers network activities

OSI

• Offers seven layers, is theoretical, and developed by ISO

Need For Protocol Architecture

• Involves procedures
• data exchange can be easier if task broken into subtasks
• requires implementation in separate layers
• Peer layers use protocols to communicate

Key elements of a protocol

• Syntax is a data format
• Semantics are information & error handling
• timing is speed matching & sequencing

TCP/IP Protocol

• Was developed by the US Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)
• Exists for ARPANET packet switched network
• Protocol suite comprises a large collection of standardized protocols

TCP/IP Layers include

• No official model but a working one
• Application layer
• Host-to-host, or transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network access layer
• Physical layer

Physical Layer

• Concerned with physical interface between computer and network
• deals with characteristics of transmission medium,
• signal levels
• data rates
• other related matters

Network Access Layer

• Exchange of data between an end system and attached network
• --Accesses & utilizes routing data across a network line between two systems.
• --Allows layers above to ignore link specifics.

Internet Layer (IP)

• Includes routing functions across multiple networks that
• enables systems to attach to different networks
• Uses IP protocol
• Is implemented in end systems and routers
• routers connect two networks and relays data between them

Transport Layer (TCP)

• Common layer shared by all applications
• provides reliable delivery of data in same order it was sent

Application Layer

• Supports user applications
• Needs a separate module for each type of application

Applications

• Standard TCP/IP applications include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Wireless Networking

• Enables communication without cabling
• Requires a wireless NIC, access point, and router

Wireless Network

• Has two modes: Ad-Hoc/Peer-to-Peer and Infrastructure

Ad-hoc or Peer-to-Peer

• Computers communicate directly but may not access wired LAN resources