Marine Biology: Salinity and Species Distribution

<p>Atlantic Ocean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rainfall patterns and evaporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unnatural environment may lead to abnormal responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in genetic variation may occur across populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent gamete maturation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are found in both hemispheres but not in the tropics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence or absence of other species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their evaluation is complex due to numerous interacting factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deepwater thermohaline currents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying interactions between population and environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different species may have been misidentified as bipolar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The journey takes too long for one individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual environmental variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stenothermal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food, protection, or attachment surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water to sink. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sessile organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the same as Parathemisto gaudichaudi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A line on a map joining points of equal temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By temperature and endemic species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boreal and antiboreal populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Man-made canals and physical land barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desert water populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less distinct, linked with specific current convergences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 5°C and 18°C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boreal zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surface circulation of the water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrow in the west and wider in the east. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northeast Pacific region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reveals temperature requirements and geographical distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited data from easily studied species groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation of water vapor and volcanic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basalt flows into the seafloor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fluctuate due to biological processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ocean acidification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By absorption and release of solutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biomineralization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 to 10 cm or more. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple environmental factors, such as temperature and salinity, often influence an organism's tolerance and response.

A species has a range of tolerance for different environmental factors, but populations may display different tolerance levels due to adaptations or acclimatization.

Biological factors, such as predation and competition, play a considerable role in the distribution and survival of marine species.

Organisms may struggle for essential resources like food, shelter, or an attachment surface.

Distribution of marine species results from complex interactions between population and environmental factors.

Studies in controlled laboratory settings might not accurately reflect responses of marine organisms in their natural habitat.

The distribution of a marine species depends on environmental factors and interactions with other species.

Individual factors like temperature and salinity affect marine organisms, impacting their distribution and survival.

Species with a narrow temperature tolerance.

Species with a wide temperature tolerance.

A line on a map connecting points of equal temperature.

Geographical areas distinguished by their plants and animals (flora and fauna).

Temperature is the most important factor determining the geographical distribution of marine species.

Organisms that are attached to a surface and do not move.

Major, broad geographical areas in the ocean separated by gradual transitions, with distinct flora and fauna.

Natural barriers like landmasses that shape geographical distribution and sometimes limit the range of species'populations.

The two most abundant ions in seawater are sodium and chloride, forming the majority of dissolved material as common salt or sodium chloride.

The amount of dissolved inorganic salts in seawater, measured in grams per kilogram (g kg^-1) of seawater.

The average salinity of the open ocean is approximately 35 g kg^-1, or 35 parts per thousand (‰).

Salinity varies geographically, with higher levels in subtropical regions and lower levels in equatorial rain belts. This is influenced by rainfall, evaporation, river input, and ocean currents.

Major constituents account for over 99% of dissolved material in seawater. Minor constituents are present in smaller amounts but still significant to marine life. The exact distinction is debateable.

A type of barnacle, whose numbers increase at cooler temperatures.

A species found in both high-latitude regions of both hemispheres, but without presence in the tropics in between.

Ocean currents that carry water and organisms through deep ocean waters.

A type of amphipod previously thought to have a bipolar distribution, now known to have different species.

Studies used to determine if a species is truly bipolar.

Temperatures that prevent final maturation of gametes and/or survival of adult species in Semibalanus balanoides.

Increasing sea temperatures, leading to changes in species distributions.

Estimated time for organism transport across poles via deepwater currents.

The southern limit of the Arctic zone is not clearly defined, except around ocean current convergences (like the Labrador and Gulf Stream).

The Arctic zone includes the Arctic Ocean and parts of the Atlantic and Pacific where Arctic surface water spreads; limited by a summer surface water maximum temperature of roughly 5°C.

These regions lie between 5°C and 18°C mean annual surface water isotherms (lines of equal temperature).

The cooler parts of the temperate region in the Northern Hemisphere (5°C to 10°C isotherms).

The warmer parts of the temperate region (above 10°C isotherms).

The path of isotherms is mainly determined by ocean currents. Warmer water is generally found at higher latitudes on Western ocean sides, colder water at lower latitudes on Eastern sides.

Classifications of marine ecosystems based on species distribution and geographic location into sections (Arctic and Subarctic, etc.)

Describing a species as 'tropical' or 'warm temperate' gives a basic understanding of each species' temperature tolerance and geographic range.

Seawater is a complex solution with a balance between added and lost solutes, influenced by evaporation and freshwater additions.

The source of seawater is uncertain, but likely formed from condensation of water vapor and solutes released from volcanic activity in Earth's early history.

Seawater composition has remained relatively stable over geological time, despite ongoing additions and losses of solutes.

Seawater contains major constituents, minor constituents, trace elements, and gases.

Conservative constituents remain constant in proportion, while nonconservative constituents fluctuate due to biological processes like absorption.

Nonconservative constituents include nitrate, phosphate, silicate, iron, manganese, dissolved organic matter, and dimethylsulphide.

Gases are exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere, with important implications for marine organisms.

Increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere are absorbed by the ocean, leading to a decrease in pH (acidification).