Marine Biodiversity in Costa Rica
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the total captures were identified as 'very common'?

17.9-40.3 %

Which method was used for preservation of tissue samples and reference specimens?

  • Dried in cold storage
  • Preserved in ethanol 96%
  • Fixed in 10% formalin and preserved in ethanol 70% (correct)
  • No preservation method mentioned

    • The species with the lowest diversity were located in ______ and ______.

    Piedras Blancas, Naranjo

    What is the general objective of the present study in the rocky intertidal area of Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), North Pacific coast of Costa Rica?

    <p>To quantify and describe the fish diversity associated with the rocky intertidal area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sampling points were visited along the coastline of ACG according to the text?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study used a 2:8 solution of _____: ethanol 96% as an anesthetic for sampling the tidal pools.

    <p>clove oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name for the fish species known as Sargocentron suborbitale?

    <p>Sargocentron suborbitale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described the fish species Lile stolifera?

    <p>Jordan &amp; Gilbert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of the study regarding the ichthyological diversity associated with the rocky intertidal zone of the Guanacaste Conservation Area?

    <p>Quantify, describe, and compare the ichthyological diversity on a regional scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific name for Halichoeres chierchiae is _____ Di Caporiacco 1948.

    <p>Halichoeres chierchiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tide pools were sampled between 2014 and 2019 within the Guanacaste Conservation Area?

    <p>49 tide pools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the fish species with their primary usage:

    <p>Bathygobius andrei = Carnivorous Apogon dovii = Planktivore Abudefduf declivifrons = Omnivore Microspathodon dorsalis = Omnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ACG is the least diverse locality in the Eastern Pacific region.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ACG rocky intertidal area recorded a total of _ species of bony fish.

    <p>67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is supported by the results of the similarity analysis in the study?

    <p>Biogeographic division scheme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of bony fish were registered associated with the rocky intertidal zone in ACG?

    <p>67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the family with the highest specific richness of species?

    <p>Gobiidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All the species recorded in the ACG are endemic to the Panamic Tropical Ocean?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from Echidna nebulosa, all the species recorded in ACG are endemic to the Panamic Tropical Ocean, according to Robertson and Allen in ____.

    <p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of this research study?

    <p>The intertidal fish community on the Pacific coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the combination of factors unique to the region lead to?

    <p>A high diversity of fish associated with the rocky intertidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study suggests a need for further basic and applied research at different local and regional levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can explain the high ichthyodiversity in the region mentioned?

    <p>Factors include differences in sampling effort, environmental heterogeneity and topography, presence of a rich subtidal ichthyofauna, geographic location, and being within a state protection area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ACG has formal protection since 1986 for its marine and terrestrial resources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which families were restricted to the Californian province according to the text?

    <p>Hexagrammidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ACG comprises a total of 12,000 and 43,000 hectares of ______ and marine area, respectively.

    <p>land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the barriers that have been shown to limit or affect the dispersion of marine organisms?

    <p>sandy gaps in Sinaloa and Central America, oceanic gyres, and patterns of marine currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species have been mentioned as examples in the text with cryptic habits associated with rocky intertidal and reef zones? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Labrisomus xanti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marine organisms in the text have limited dispersal capabilities due to their larval and adult stages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total diversity of fish species associated with the rocky intertidal of the Area of Conservation Guanacaste (ACG) was ______.

    <p>67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of species dominates over resident species in the Gulf of California and the Colombian coast?

    <p>transitory species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could influence the results observed in terms of species dominance in intertidal zones?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Species dominance by juveniles in the Gulf of California reinforces the idea of the importance of its intertidal zone for various ecological processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Gulf of California, the dominant species include Malacoctenus sudensis, Bathygobius ramosus, Tomicodon petersii, Abudefduf troschelii, and ____.

    <p>Mugil setosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intertidal Zone Ichthyofauna of the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica

    • The study aims to quantify and describe the ichthyofauna diversity associated with the rocky intertidal zone of the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG) in Costa Rica.
    • The ACG is a protected area that has increased efforts to inventory and characterize its marine flora and fauna in recent years.

    Methods

    • 49 tide pools were sampled between 2014 and 2019 at seven locations within the ACG.
    • Sampling was done using hand nets and a solution of 2:8 eugenol:ethanol 96% as an anesthetic to facilitate the capture of fish specimens and maximize the representativeness of the samples.

    Results

    • A total of 67 species of bony fish were recorded in the rocky intertidal area of the ACG.
    • The components/categories "transitory" with 30 species (44.8%), "juveniles" with 38 species (55.9%), "carnivores" with 47 species (70.1%), "solitary" with 32 species (47.8%), and "endemic to the ETP" with 66 species (98%) were dominant.

    Biogeographic implications

    • The results of the similarity analysis supported the biogeographic division scheme, defined a priori, with localities within the Californian, Cortez, Mexican, Panamic, and Peruvian-Chilean provinces recovered as highly consistent groups.
    • The structure is consistent with the effect of barriers such as the sandy gaps of Sinaloa and Central America, among others, limiting the flow of species between biogeographic units.

    Conclusions

    • The ACG has high ichthyological diversity associated with its rocky intertidal zone, which is the result of a unique combination of factors at the regional level.
    • The results of this study reinforce the need to carry out more basic and applied studies to better understand and know different key aspects of the dynamics and physical-chemical-biological processes occurring in intertidal zones.### Fish Species in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
    • 39 species of fish were identified from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean (TEPO)
    • The species were classified into 14 families and 7 orders
    • The most abundant species were members of the families Pomacentridae, Labridae, and Serranidae

    Collection Methods

    • Fish specimens were collected from 13 localities within the TEPO
    • Specimens were preserved in ethanol (70% and 96%) and formalin (10%)
    • Tissue samples (pectoral fin and/or muscle tissue) were taken for genetic analysis
    • The specimens were deposited in the ichthyological collection of the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) and the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University (LSU), USA

    Fish Distribution and Habitat

    • The fish species were found in a variety of habitats, including coral reefs, rocky shores, and coastal waters
    • The species were classified into four trophic guilds: detritivores, herbivores, planktivores, and carnivores
    • The species were also classified into three habitat types: solitario (solitary), gregario (gregarious), and críptico (cryptic)

    Abundance and Rarity

    • The abundance of each species was categorized into five classes: abundant (Ab), very common (MC), common (Co), uncommon (PC), and rare (Ra)
    • The rarity of each species was assessed based on the total sampling effort

    Comparison with Other Studies

    • The study's results were compared with other studies in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, including California, Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Chile
    • The study's findings contributed to a better understanding of the fish fauna in the TEPO region### Ichthyological Diversity in the Rocky Intertidal Zone of the Pacific Coast

    Study Area and Methodology

    • Study focused on the rocky intertidal zone of the Pacific coast, covering a wide range of geographic locations, including Costa Rica, Mexico, El Salvador, Colombia, and Chile.
    • Data were collected over a period of 5 years, using a highly generalized technique to detect cryptic species, and maximizing the representativeness of microhabitats and other potential variations.
    • A total of 246 fish species were listed, distributed across 144 genera, 61 families, and 19 orders.

    Ichthyological Diversity at the Local and Regional Scales

    • Within the study area, 67 fish species were registered, belonging to 47 genera, 24 families, and 11 orders.
    • The families with the highest species richness were Gobiidae, Pomacentridae, Gobiesocidae, and Labridae.
    • The orders with the highest species richness were Perciformes, Gobiiformes, and Blenniformes.
    • The localities with the highest species richness were Playa La Isla, Bahía Cuajiniquil, and Bahía Santa Elena, which showed a higher diversity of species (36-39 species, 53.7-58.2% of the total diversity registered).

    Comparative Analysis of Ichthyological Diversity at the Regional Scale

    • The comparative analysis of ichthyological diversity at the regional scale identified three groups of localities with similar composition and diversity of species.
    • The groups were consistent with the ichthyographic provinces defined a priori for the Pacific coast of the Americas: Pacific Nororiental Templado, PTO, and Pacific Suroriental Templado.
    • The PTO province presented the highest species diversity, with a mean of ~57 species per locality (23.3% of the total diversity registered).
    • The provinces to the north and south of the PTO presented a lower species diversity, with a mean of ~19 species per locality (7.7%) for the east coast of the United States and a mean of ~12 species per locality (14.2%) for the coast of Chile.

    Discussion

    • The high ichthyological diversity in the ACG is explained by a combination of factors, including:
      • Differences in sampling effort, with a higher number of sampled locations and a longer sampling period.
      • Heterogeneity of environmental conditions and topography, with a high diversity of marine-coastal landscapes, including rocky reefs, coral reefs, mangroves, and soft or sandy bottoms.
      • The presence of a rich subtidal ichthyofauna associated with the rocky intertidal zone.
    • The high ichthyological diversity in the ACG is in contrast with other regions, such as the central coast of Mexico, where the intertidal zone is narrower and more exposed to wave action, limiting the access of some species.

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    Explore the diversity of marine life in the intertidal rocky zone of the Guanacaste Conservation Area in Costa Rica, focusing on the ichthyofauna and its aspects.

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