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Questions and Answers
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating oocyte development during the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating oocyte development during the ovarian cycle?
What physiological change occurs in females during puberty?
What physiological change occurs in females during puberty?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle correspondingly follows ovulation?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle correspondingly follows ovulation?
Which of the following is a common physiological effect of menopause?
Which of the following is a common physiological effect of menopause?
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What is the main regulator of the follicular development within the ovarian cycle?
What is the main regulator of the follicular development within the ovarian cycle?
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What is the main hormonal change that triggers the onset of menstruation?
What is the main hormonal change that triggers the onset of menstruation?
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During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
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What is the result of the atrophy of ovaries during menopause?
What is the result of the atrophy of ovaries during menopause?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for the changes during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the changes during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the significance of the closure of epiphyseal plates in relation to puberty?
What is the significance of the closure of epiphyseal plates in relation to puberty?
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What happens to primary follicles that do not ovulate before puberty?
What happens to primary follicles that do not ovulate before puberty?
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In what order does the ovarian cycle typically occur?
In what order does the ovarian cycle typically occur?
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What initiates the release of GnRH during puberty?
What initiates the release of GnRH during puberty?
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What is the correct order of events during oogenesis from the start of the process until fertilization?
What is the correct order of events during oogenesis from the start of the process until fertilization?
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At what stage does oogenesis complete in a female's reproductive life?
At what stage does oogenesis complete in a female's reproductive life?
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Which statement accurately describes the physiological involvement of the external genitalia?
Which statement accurately describes the physiological involvement of the external genitalia?
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Which of the following correctly states the hormonal changes during puberty related to adrenarche?
Which of the following correctly states the hormonal changes during puberty related to adrenarche?
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What is the function of the cervix during childbirth?
What is the function of the cervix during childbirth?
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What is the significance of the polar bodies formed during oogenesis?
What is the significance of the polar bodies formed during oogenesis?
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What happens to oogenesis after menopause?
What happens to oogenesis after menopause?
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Which phase occurs after the first meiotic division in oocyte development?
Which phase occurs after the first meiotic division in oocyte development?
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What primary process occurs during the menstrual cycle phases influenced by ovarian cycle regulation?
What primary process occurs during the menstrual cycle phases influenced by ovarian cycle regulation?
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What best describes the role of the uterus in relation to gestation?
What best describes the role of the uterus in relation to gestation?
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What triggers the surge in LH during the ovarian cycle?
What triggers the surge in LH during the ovarian cycle?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized?
What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized?
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During which phase does estrogen exert negative feedback on gonadotropin release?
During which phase does estrogen exert negative feedback on gonadotropin release?
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Which hormone is responsible for the maintenance of the uterine lining?
Which hormone is responsible for the maintenance of the uterine lining?
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What initiates the development of the next round of follicles in the ovarian cycle?
What initiates the development of the next round of follicles in the ovarian cycle?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of LH during ovulation?
Which statement accurately describes the role of LH during ovulation?
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How does the body respond to the decrease in estrogen and progesterone when the egg is not fertilized?
How does the body respond to the decrease in estrogen and progesterone when the egg is not fertilized?
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What occurs during the first 12 days of the ovarian cycle in relation to estrogen levels?
What occurs during the first 12 days of the ovarian cycle in relation to estrogen levels?
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What is the effect of FSH and LH on the growth of follicles?
What is the effect of FSH and LH on the growth of follicles?
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What role does progesterone play after ovulation?
What role does progesterone play after ovulation?
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Which hormone is crucial for regulating testosterone secretion from Leydig cells?
Which hormone is crucial for regulating testosterone secretion from Leydig cells?
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What role does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) play in spermatogenesis?
What role does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) play in spermatogenesis?
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Which substance does the Sertoli cells secrete to maintain high testosterone concentration in the lumen?
Which substance does the Sertoli cells secrete to maintain high testosterone concentration in the lumen?
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What is the primary function of Müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) during fetal development?
What is the primary function of Müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) during fetal development?
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What is the role of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
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What are the primary roles of the female reproductive system?
What are the primary roles of the female reproductive system?
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Which hormone stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary?
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Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the release of an oocyte?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the release of an oocyte?
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What physiological changes occur during menopause?
What physiological changes occur during menopause?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for the remodeling of spermatids during spermatogenesis?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the remodeling of spermatids during spermatogenesis?
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Study Notes
Male and Female Reproductive Physiology
- Intended Learning Outcomes: Students should be able to understand gender and sex determination, the major events in fetal genitalia development, male and female reproductive anatomy, the physiology of reproductive function in males and females, the effects of testosterone, spermatogenesis, roles and control of the testes, events of male puberty, effects of major female hormones, and the physiology and endocrinology of the ovarian and menstrual cycle, as well as the events of female puberty and menopause.
Determining Gender
- Embryos initially have both Wolffian and Mullerian ducts.
- In males, Wolffian ducts develop into the reproductive tract; Mullerian ducts degenerate.
- In females, Wolffian ducts degenerate; Mullerian ducts develop into the reproductive tract.
- Development depends on hormones from fetal testes.
- Testosterone (stimulated by hCG from placenta) and Mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) determine male development.
- Without male hormones, Wolffian ducts regress, and Mullerian ducts develop, leading to female characteristics.
The Male Reproductive System
- Essential Functions: Sperm production (spermatogenesis) and delivery of sperm.
- Components and Functions: Testis produce sperm & testosterone; Scrotum suspends testes; Accessory Glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland) secrete semen; Penis transfers sperm.
- Route of Sperm: Testes → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra.
- Testes Structure & Function: Dual function (sperm production and testosterone secretion). 80% of testicle mass is seminiferous tubules; Leydig cells (interstitial cells) are in connective tissue between the tubules. Develops within abdominal cavity and descends into scrotum before birth. Lower temperature for spermatogenesis.
- Testosterone: Produced in Leydig cells from cholesterol. Secreted into blood or seminiferous tubules stimulating spermatogenesis.
The Female Reproductive System
- Essential Functions: Ova production, sperm reception, fertilization, gestation, parturition, and nourishment by lactation.
- Components and Functions: Diagrams of female reproductive organs (ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina) and their specific functions.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis, similar to spermatogenesis, undergoes mitotic and meiotic divisions but take many years to complete; begins in utero.
- Suspended for many years until puberty, and completes at fertilization.
- Unlike spermatogenesis, oogenesis ceases at the menopause.
Puberty
- Hormonal Changes: Adrenarche (6-8 years) - adrenal gland secretes androgens; puberty begins with release of FSH & LH as well as development of secondary sex characteristics, and somatic growth
- Females: Puberty begins 2 years earlier than males.
- Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics due to estrogen; growth of reproductive structures; breast development; fat deposition such as breasts, buttocks, thighs; pubic hair; menarche in females (first menstrual cycle); and closure of epiphyseal plates.
Menopause
- Ovaries Atrophy: Cessation of ovarian function; decrease in fertility; shorter menstrual cycles; rise in FSH; a decrease in oestrogen, progesterone, and inhibin; cessation of ovulation and menstruation, and symptoms such as hot flushes, insomnia, vaginal/uterine atrophy, and bone density decline.
Ovarian Cycle
- Phases: Follicular phase (maturation of oocyte and follicle); ovulation (release of oocyte); luteal phase (development of corpus luteum and uterine lining preparation).
- Hormonal Control: The regulation of the ovarian cycle involves the interplay of FSH, LH, GnRH, estrogen and progesterone.
Hormonal Control
- Ovarian Cycle: The cyclical secretion of estrogen, progesterone and FSH/LH (ovarian hormones).
- Uterine Cycle: The growth and changes in the uterine lining regulated by ovarian hormones.
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