Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key feature of conical projections with two standard parallels?
What is a key feature of conical projections with two standard parallels?
- All parallels are arcs of concentric circles. (correct)
- All parallels are straight lines.
- Meridians are curved lines.
- Scale is true only at one standard parallel.
Which type of land feature can be accurately represented using this projection?
Which type of land feature can be accurately represented using this projection?
- Coastal areas
- Large mountain ranges
- Dense forests
- Long narrow strips of land (correct)
What happens to distances between standard parallels in a conical projection with two standard parallels?
What happens to distances between standard parallels in a conical projection with two standard parallels?
- They are longer than actual distances.
- They vary depending on latitude.
- They remain constant.
- They are shorter than actual distances. (correct)
For which geographical areas is the conical projection with two standard parallels especially suitable?
For which geographical areas is the conical projection with two standard parallels especially suitable?
How do the meridians behave in conical projections with two standard parallels?
How do the meridians behave in conical projections with two standard parallels?
What distinguishes simple conical projection with one standard parallel from that with two?
What distinguishes simple conical projection with one standard parallel from that with two?
In a conical projection, what happens to the scale along the meridians?
In a conical projection, what happens to the scale along the meridians?
Which mode of transportation can be effectively shown along the standard parallel in this projection?
Which mode of transportation can be effectively shown along the standard parallel in this projection?
What is a characteristic of perspective map projections?
What is a characteristic of perspective map projections?
What characterizes the cylindrical equal area projection?
What characterizes the cylindrical equal area projection?
What is a key limitation of cylindrical projections?
What is a key limitation of cylindrical projections?
Which type of surface is classified as developable?
Which type of surface is classified as developable?
Which feature is true of Mercator’s Projection?
Which feature is true of Mercator’s Projection?
Cylindrical projections are obtained by:
Cylindrical projections are obtained by:
In which scenario is the cylindrical equal area projection best utilized?
In which scenario is the cylindrical equal area projection best utilized?
What defines an oblique projection?
What defines an oblique projection?
What maintains correct directions in Mercator’s Projection?
What maintains correct directions in Mercator’s Projection?
Which of the following is NOT a type of developable surface for projections?
Which of the following is NOT a type of developable surface for projections?
What is a characteristic of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System?
What is a characteristic of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System?
Mathematical or conventional projections are described as:
Mathematical or conventional projections are described as:
What is the primary purpose of map projection?
What is the primary purpose of map projection?
Which azimuthal projection is best for plotting short routes due to its representation of great circles?
Which azimuthal projection is best for plotting short routes due to its representation of great circles?
Which statement about the scale in the cylindrical equal area projection is accurate?
Which statement about the scale in the cylindrical equal area projection is accurate?
Which statement is true regarding zenithal projections?
Which statement is true regarding zenithal projections?
Which of the following accurately describes the process of creating a map projection?
Which of the following accurately describes the process of creating a map projection?
What is a key characteristic of the gnomonic projection with regards to the hemisphere it can present?
What is a key characteristic of the gnomonic projection with regards to the hemisphere it can present?
What is an implication of the projection being non-orthomorphic?
What is an implication of the projection being non-orthomorphic?
What are parallels of latitude?
What are parallels of latitude?
How are normal projections characterized?
How are normal projections characterized?
How are meridians of longitude represented on a globe?
How are meridians of longitude represented on a globe?
Which projection is considered to be conformal but not equal area?
Which projection is considered to be conformal but not equal area?
What type of distortion does the orthographic projection experience?
What type of distortion does the orthographic projection experience?
What does the term 'reduced earth' refer to in cartography?
What does the term 'reduced earth' refer to in cartography?
Which projection commonly used for polar aspects is known for its scale being stretched by perspective?
Which projection commonly used for polar aspects is known for its scale being stretched by perspective?
What is an essential characteristic of the model used in map projection?
What is an essential characteristic of the model used in map projection?
In digital cartography, when is the scale reduction typically performed?
In digital cartography, when is the scale reduction typically performed?
What is a significant property of conventional projections?
What is a significant property of conventional projections?
Why should the gnomonic projection be avoided for measuring distances?
Why should the gnomonic projection be avoided for measuring distances?
Why are parallels of latitude not all equal in length?
Why are parallels of latitude not all equal in length?
Which projection is not conformal, nor equal area, and distorts shape and area near edges?
Which projection is not conformal, nor equal area, and distorts shape and area near edges?
What is a characteristic of conical projections regarding the representation of meridians?
What is a characteristic of conical projections regarding the representation of meridians?
Why are conic projections not suitable for world maps?
Why are conic projections not suitable for world maps?
What happens to the scale of a conical projection away from the standard parallel?
What happens to the scale of a conical projection away from the standard parallel?
Which of the following is a property of a simple conical projection with one standard parallel?
Which of the following is a property of a simple conical projection with one standard parallel?
What type of projection is illustrated by a cone that touches a globe along a specific parallel of latitude?
What type of projection is illustrated by a cone that touches a globe along a specific parallel of latitude?
Which statement best describes the representation of the pole in a simple conical projection?
Which statement best describes the representation of the pole in a simple conical projection?
What is one of the limitations of using conic projections for large area representations?
What is one of the limitations of using conic projections for large area representations?
What is the primary use of conic projections in cartography?
What is the primary use of conic projections in cartography?
Flashcards
Map Projection
Map Projection
A method of transferring a spherical Earth's grid of latitude and longitude onto a flat surface.
Graticule
Graticule
The network of latitude and longitude lines on a map or globe.
Parallels of Latitude
Parallels of Latitude
Horizontal lines on maps running parallel to the equator and showing location from North to South.
Meridians of Longitude
Meridians of Longitude
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Reduced Earth
Reduced Earth
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Map Projection Steps
Map Projection Steps
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Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection
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Cylindrical Projections
Cylindrical Projections
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Non-Perspective Projection
Non-Perspective Projection
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Mercator Projection
Mercator Projection
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Lambert's (Cylindrical Equal-Area) Projection
Lambert's (Cylindrical Equal-Area) Projection
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Mathematical Projection
Mathematical Projection
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UTM Coordinate System
UTM Coordinate System
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Developable Surface
Developable Surface
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Non-Developable Surface
Non-Developable Surface
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Transverse Mercator Projection
Transverse Mercator Projection
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Orthomorphic Projection
Orthomorphic Projection
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Cylindrical Projection
Cylindrical Projection
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Conical Projection
Conical Projection
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Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
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Limited Latitude Range
Limited Latitude Range
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Zenithal Projection
Zenithal Projection
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Normal Projection
Normal Projection
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Oblique Projection
Oblique Projection
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Polar Projection
Polar Projection
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Conical Projection
Conical Projection
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Standard Parallel
Standard Parallel
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Simple Conical Projection
Simple Conical Projection
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Conical Projection - Use
Conical Projection - Use
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Conical Projection - Limitations
Conical Projection - Limitations
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Conical Projection with Two Standard Parallels
Conical Projection with Two Standard Parallels
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Standard Parallels
Standard Parallels
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Mid-Latitudes
Mid-Latitudes
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North-South Extent
North-South Extent
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Longitudinal Extent
Longitudinal Extent
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Improved Conical Projection
Improved Conical Projection
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Scale Correct along Standard Parallels
Scale Correct along Standard Parallels
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Azimuthal Projection
Azimuthal Projection
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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection Distortion
Orthographic Projection Distortion
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Stereographic Projection
Stereographic Projection
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Gnomonic Projection
Gnomonic Projection
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Gnomonic Projection Distortion
Gnomonic Projection Distortion
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Conventional Projections
Conventional Projections
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Study Notes
Map Projection
- Map projection is the method of transferring the graticule of latitude and longitude onto a plane surface.
- It is also the transformation of the spherical network of parallels and meridians onto a plane surface.
- Earth is a geoid, not a perfect sphere.
- A globe is the best model of Earth, accurately showing shapes and sizes of continents and oceans, as well as directions and distances.
- The globe is divided into sections by lines of latitude and longitude.
- The horizontal lines represent latitude, and the vertical lines represent longitude.
- The network of parallels and meridians is called a graticule. This network aids in map creation.
- Transforming the graticule from a globe to a flat surface (a map) creates distortions.
- Creating a map projection involves three steps:
- Selecting a model for the Earth's shape (sphere or ellipsoid).
- Transforming geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) to plane coordinates (eastings and northings).
- Reducing the scale.
Elements of Map Projection
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Reduced Earth: A reduced-scale model of the Earth, represented on a flat surface. It is approximately spheroid, with the polar diameter being shorter than the equatorial diameter. This allows transferring the graticule onto the map.
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Parallels of Latitude: Circles parallel to the Equator, maintaining a uniform distance from the poles. They are not of equal length. They range from a point at each pole up to the circumference at the equator, and are demarcated as 0° to 90° North and South.
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Meridians of Longitude: Semi-circles extending north-south from pole to pole. Each meridian lies entirely in its plane, but all intersect at right angles along the Earth's axis. One meridian, the Greenwich Meridian, is designated as 0° longitude serving as a reference point.
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Global Properties:
- Distances between points.
- Shapes of regions.
- Sizes/areas of regions (accurately).
- Directions of points relative to each other.
Properties of Map Projection
- Map projections involve altering area, shape, distance, and direction to fit a 3D sphere onto a 2D map.
- This alteration is essential due to changing from a 3D representation to a 2D representation.
- The spherical Earth surface is deformed or manipulated (torn, sheared, or compressed) to make it onto a flat surface.
- Four major properties: area, shape, distance, and direction.
- Area and shape are mutually exclusive (meaning only one can be accurately maintained).
- Distance and direction can coexist with any other property, but cannot be accurate everywhere on the map.
Map Distortion
- Distortion is unavoidable in map-making.
- The degree of distortion varies across the map.
- Distortion is lowest at points or lines where the map surface intersects the globe.
Classification of map projections
- Drawing Techniques: projections are classified into perspective, non-perspective, and conventional or mathematical.
- Perspective projections: use a light source to project the image of the globe's graticule onto a flat surface.
- Non-perspective projections: do not use a light source; instead, these are derived through mathematical computations.
- Conventional projections: are derived purely through mathematical computations and thus do not utilize a light source.
- Developable Surface: A surface that can be flattened without distortion, onto which the graticule can be projected. Examples include cylinders, cones, and planes. A sphere is a non-developable surface.
- Classification based on developable surface: Cylindrical, Conical, and Zenithal projections.
Types of Map Projections
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Cylindrical Projections: Earth's surface is projected onto a cylinder, which is then unrolled as a rectangle. Common types are Mercator and Lambert's original cylindrical equal area.
- Mercator is conformal (maintaining shape).
- Scale distortion is greater at higher latitudes.
- Useful for navigation because it preserves angles.
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Conical Projections: Earth's surface is projected onto a cone which touches the Earth's surface along a parallel.
- Presents the best projection for mid-latitude areas (for large longitudinal and small latitudinal areas).
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Zenithal (Azimuthal) Projections: Earth's surface is projected onto a flat plane that touches the Earth at a point or along a line.
- There are three types (normal, oblique, and polar), depending on the plane's orientation.
- Useful for showing areas around one particular area or region because it maintains direction.
- Gnomonic projection (a type of azimuthal projection). The lines on this type of projection are straight lines that represent great circles.
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Conventional Projections: Using purely mathematical computations, instead of a light source. Various types such as Sanson-Flamsteed (sinusoidal), Aitoff's and Mollweide's projections.
UTM Coordinate System
- Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a coordinate system that uses a transverse Mercator projection.
- It divides the Earth into 60 zones, based on six-degree longitude intervals.
- Uses meters as units, making calculations easier.
Map Projection Suitability and Selection
- Consider the map's purpose when selecting a projection (e.g., area, shape, distance, direction).
- Geographic location influences the selection of projections (distortion varies across locales).
- Larger areas typically require different projections than smaller, localized areas to maintain accuracy.
Aspects of Map Projections
- Projection aspect (normal, transverse, oblique): Refers to the orientation of the projection plane relative to Earth's axis. Normal is parallel, transverse is perpendicular, and oblique is non-parallel, non-perpendicular.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of map projection, including the processes of transforming the Earth's graticule onto a plane surface. It explores the differences between globes and maps, including the challenges of distortion during projection. Test your knowledge on the methods and models used in map making.