Manual Muscle Testing - Elbow, Wrist, and Hand

<p>Triceps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides resistance against supination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medial to the biceps tendon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shoulder abduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elbow flexed to 90°. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biceps brachii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal end of the humerus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supported at 90° of abduction and elbow extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triceps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10°–15° (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prone with the humerus abducted to 90° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrist flexors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forearm supinated and supported on a table (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor Digitorum Profundus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting on the ulnar border (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hold all IP joints of other fingers in extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hold the middle phalanx of each finger firmly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hold other fingers in full extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound effect from extensor contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bend the last joint on the finger as far as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bringing the thumb towards the palm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adductor pollicis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forearm supinated and supported with thumb adducted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First metacarpal or fifth metacarpal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor pollicis brevis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Touch the pad of your thumb to the pad of your little finger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the MP joints of the fingers in neutral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opposition of the thumb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supported in midposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor digitorum profundus action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is found on the volar surface of the hypothenar eminence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensor indicis proprius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IP joints remain extended (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal interossei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forearm supinated with wrist in neutral position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extension of the little finger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extend the metacarpophalangeal joints while flexing the interphalangeal joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to tenodesis action for finger extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbricals, interossei, and extensor digitorum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a slip from the ED tendon to the ring finger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbrical muscles are too deep to be palpated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A movement that straightens the elbow joint.

A position where gravity does not assist or resist the movement. The arm is supported to eliminate the effects of gravity.

A muscle that primarily performs a specific movement.

A movement that rotates the forearm so the palm faces down.

A muscle that helps to pronate the forearm.

A muscle that helps to pronate the forearm, located deeper than the Pronator Teres.

A movement that rotates the forearm so the palm faces up.

A muscle that helps to supinate the forearm.

The primary muscles responsible for bending the elbow upwards.

The position where the elbow is bent against the force of gravity, requiring muscle effort to maintain the position.

The position where the elbow is bent with the arm supported, eliminating the force of gravity.

The primary muscle responsible for straightening the elbow outwards.

The position where the elbow is straightened against the force of gravity.

The position where the elbow is straightened with the arm supported, eliminating the force of gravity.

A technique used to evaluate muscle strength by applying resistance to a specific movement.

The action of a different muscle taking over the intended movement, due to weakness in the primary muscle.

The thumb is lifted away from the palm of the hand against resistance, while the hand is stabilized. This assesses thumb abduction and helps identify any muscle substitutions.

The thumb is moved towards the palm of the hand, with the forearm in a neutral position. This assesses thumb adduction and helps identify any muscle substitutions.

The thumb pad is moved to touch the little finger pad against resistance, with the forearm supinated and stabilized. This assesses thumb opposition and helps identify any muscle substitutions.

The thumb pad is attempted to be moved to touch the little finger pad, with the forearm perpendicular to the table and stabilized. This assesses thumb opposition in a gravity-eliminated position.

The primary muscle responsible for thumb abduction, located on the radial side of the hand.

This powerful muscle is located on the palmar side of the thumb, and is responsible for thumb adduction. When palpating, it can be felt in the thumb web space.

The main muscle responsible for opposing the thumb, allowing it to touch other fingers. It is located on the radial side of the hand, deep to the ABductor Pollicis Brevis.

This muscle is responsible for opposition of the little finger, allowing it to touch the thumb.

The tendons of the extensor digitorum muscle can be seen on the back of the hand, indicating extension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the fingers.

The extensor indicis proprius muscle extends only the index finger. It's located on the dorsal forearm, ulnar to the extensor digitorum.

The extensor digiti minimi muscle extends only the little finger. Its tendon is ulnar to the extensor digitorum tendon, even though it appears to be the main tendon to the little finger.

The lumbrical muscles are responsible for extending the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the fingers when the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints are extended. There is no reliable test to specifically isolate lumbrical function.

If the lumbrical muscles are not functioning, other muscles in the dorsal expansion can substitute for DIP extension when the MP joint is flexed. However, there is no substitute for DIP extension when the MP joint is extended.

Tenodesis action refers to the passive finger extension that occurs when the wrist is flexed. This is due to the tension created in the finger extensor tendons as the wrist flexes.

Finger interphalangeal (IP) extension involves extending the joints between the finger bones. The lumbricals, interossei, ED, extensor indicis proprius, and extensor digiti minimi are all involved in this movement.

The lumbrical muscles are too deep to be palpated effectively.

A muscle that helps to bend a joint. In this case, the FDP (Flexor Digitorum Profundus) is the primary muscle responsible for bending the last joint of the finger.

Holding the middle phalanx of each finger in a fixed position to prevent movement of the proximal IP joint. This allows for isolated testing of the DIP joint flexion.

The position where the forearm is supported and the hand is resting with the wrist and IP joints relaxed. The patient is instructed to bend the last joint of the finger as far as possible while resistance is applied to the fingertip.

The position where the forearm is supported and the hand is resting with the wrist and IP joints relaxed. The patient is instructed to bend the last joint of the finger as far as possible while the therapist feels for muscle activation.

The FDP muscle can be felt just below the ulna in the proximal third of the forearm and sometimes along the middle phalanges.

The action that occurs when the extensor muscles contract, resulting in a brief rebound movement of the finger, which might mimic flexion without actual muscle activation

An action where the wrist extension forces the fingers to bend due to the tendon arrangement, mimicking finger flexion

A muscle that helps to bend a joint. In this case, the FDS (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis) is the primary muscle responsible for bending the middle joint of the finger.

The movement of bending the middle joint of a finger (the proximal interphalangeal joint, or PIP joint) towards the palm.

The hand is held in a neutral position, with the forearm supported. The other fingers are held straight to prevent improper muscle action. The therapist stabilizes the finger and instructs the patient to bend only the PIP joint.

The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) is the primary muscle responsible for this movement. The therapist can palpate the tendon on the volar surface of the forearm, near the ulnar side, and between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) at the wrist.

The flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) can substitute for the FDS during this movement. To prevent the FDP from substituting, all other fingers are held straight.

The movement of bending the knuckle of a finger towards the palm (the metacarpophalangeal joint, or MCP joint).

Several muscles are responsible for this movement, including the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), dorsal interossei (DI), volar (palmar) interossei, and flexor digiti minimi. The flexor digiti minimi, which only acts on the little finger, is tested in this specific way.

The hand is placed in supination with the forearm supported. Other fingers are kept straight, and the patient is instructed to bend only the MCP joint of the little finger while keeping the rest of the finger straight.

The therapist provides resistance at the head of the proximal phalanx of the little finger, pushing against the patient's effort to bend the MCP joint. It's essential to ensure the IP joints remain extended.