Mandate System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is self-determination?

The local population would be consulted as to the form of their future government.

What does the mandate system entail?

Advanced countries would administer the affairs of territories until they were ready to manage their own.

Which of the following are mandatory powers? (Select all that apply)

Belgium (correct)

Germany

France (correct)

UK (correct)

Japan (correct)

What characterizes Category A Mandates?

Ex-Ottoman Arab territories on the brink of independence. Signup and view all the answers

What are Category B Mandates?

Former German colonies in Africa, guided away from slavery, labor exploitation, opened for trade. Signup and view all the answers

What regions are classified as Category C Mandates?

South-West Africa and German islands in the Pacific. Signup and view all the answers

What did E.A. Northedge say about the mandate system?

"A device to solve a dilemma, namely, how could Allied Powers be allowed to keep their gains without affronting people." Signup and view all the answers

Who controlled Syria and Lebanon until 1944?

French mandates. Signup and view all the answers

What happened on October 3, 1918?

British troops let Faisal enter Damascus, claiming victory and liberating the city from Ottoman control. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred on December 1, 1918?

British PM Lloyd George and French PM Clemenceau met to review and amend the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Signup and view all the answers

What was the French policy of divide and rule?

It rendered the Syrians and the Lebanese more dependent on their presence, resulting in a minority ruling. Signup and view all the answers

What was the demographic composition of Christians in Mount Lebanon?

30% of the population, dominated politically, with close ties to the French. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Alawis?

A minority Muslim sect in Western Syria and Northern Lebanon, who describe themselves as Sh'ia Islam. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Druze?

A minority Muslim group in Southern Syria, Central Lebanon, and Northern Israel, describing themselves as Unitarian Muslims. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized political life in Syria?

Dominated by Sunni Muslims, isolating Druze and the Alawites. Signup and view all the answers

What was the revolt in July 1925?

Led by Sultan Atrash, it initially succeeded in forcing the French out but was later suppressed in 1927. Signup and view all the answers

How many Syrians were killed in the July revolt?

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What is the National Bloc?

A Syrian political organization established from the July revolt in 1925. Signup and view all the answers

What was Iraq like in 1920?

Divided into 3 separate states: Mosul, Basra, and Baghdad. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Kurdish minority of Mosul?

Brought under the hegemony of the Arabs, denied minority rights by the Arab majority. Signup and view all the answers

What is the situation of Sunnis in Iraq?

Minority, ruled Iraq, backed up by the British, leading to dissatisfaction among the Shi'as. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the revolt in May 1920?

The first rebellion against the British arose among tribes of the Euphrates, killing 10,000 Iraqis and 450 British. Signup and view all the answers

What happened in 1921 regarding Faisal?

He was crowned as the King of Iraq, closely supervised and aided by the British. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Empire by Treaty' refer to?

Iraq. Signup and view all the answers

What was the case of Transjordan?

Divide the mandate along the river Jordan to form Palestine to the west of the river. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Kurdish rebellion in 1925?

Death of 25,000 Kurds. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the legislative council proposed in the 1922 constitution?

Arabs were given 10 out of 23 seats, despite being 90% of the population. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self-determination

Local populations to be consulted on their future governance.

Mandate system

Advanced countries to administer territories until populations can self-govern.

Mandatory powers

Nations including the UK, France, Japan, Belgium, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand had administrative responsibilities.

Category A Mandates

Included ex-Ottoman Arab territories nearing independence.

Category B Mandates

Comprised former German colonies in Africa; aimed to guide them away from slavery and labor exploitation, facilitating trade.

Category C Mandates

Included regions such as South-West Africa and German islands in the Pacific.

E.A Northedge on Mandate System

Described as a mechanism for Allied Powers to retain territorial gains without upsetting local populations.

Syria and Lebanon

Under French mandates until 1944.

Event on 3 Oct 1918

British troops enabled Faisal to enter Damascus, marking the city's liberation from Ottoman control.

Meeting on 1 Dec 1918

British PM Lloyd George and French PM Clemenceau re-evaluated the Sykes-Picot Agreement to amend borders, neglecting the local communities' desires.

French policy of divide and rule

Created dependency among Syrians and Lebanese, facilitating minority rule.

Christian Maronites

Comprising 30% of Lebanon's population, they established political dominance, often causing discontent among the Muslim majority.

Alawis

A minority Muslim sect in Western Syria and Northern Lebanon, identifying with Shia Islam.

Druze

A unitarian Muslim minority residing in Southern Syria, Central Lebanon, and Northern Israel.

Political life in Syria

Primarily controlled by Sunni Muslims, which marginalized the Druze and Alawite communities.

Revolt in July 1925

Led by Sultan Atrash in the Druze region, initially successful against the French, but suppressed by Spring 1927.

Casualties of the July revolt

Approximately 6,000 Syrians killed during unrest.

National Bloc

Political group formed in Syria following the July 1925 revolt.

Structure of Iraq in 1920

Composed of three separate regions: Mosul, Basra, and Baghdad.

Kurdish minority in Mosul

Arab hegemony denied Kurdish minority rights, leading to tensions.

Sunni majority in Iraq

Minoritized population ruling under British support, generating ongoing dissatisfaction among the Shi'a.

Revolt in May 1920

The first rebellion against British authority, resulting in 10,000 Iraqi and 450 British deaths; led to a proposed handover to an Arab ruler.

Crowned King of Iraq in 1921

Faisal crowned, with British oversight and assistance.

Empire by Treaty

Refers to Iraq's situation under foreign influence via treaties.

Case of Transjordan

Proposed division of the mandate along the Jordan River, establishing Palestine to the west and an independent Arab state eastward.

Kurdish rebellion in 1925

Resulted in the deaths of approximately 25,000 Kurds.

Representation in 1922 Constitution

Proposed legislative council for Palestinians, Jews, Christians, and British; Arabs received only 10 out of 23 seats despite being 90% of the population.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on the mandate system and concepts like self-determination and mandatory powers. This quiz will help you understand the historical context and implications of the mandate system as used by colonial powers. Perfect for students of history.