24 Questions
What is one of the key aspects of a manager's role in achieving action, according to Carnall?
Handling opposition
What is the primary motivator for how change is accomplished, according to Benjamin and Mabey?
People within the organization
Why is Planned change considered inappropriate by advocates of Emergent change?
Because the environment is uncertain
What is the focus of Figure 10.2, according to the text?
The determinants of successful change
Who developed the five central factors for managing change?
Pettigrew and Whipp
What is a criticism of the Emergent approach, according to the text?
It overfocuses on power and politics
What is the title of Kotter's work, mentioned in the text?
Leading Change
Who developed the Stace-Dunphy change matrix?
Stace and Dunphy
What is a characteristic of emergent change?
It is unpredictable and cannot be pre-planned
What is a limitation of the planned approach to change?
It neglects organisational conflict and politics
What is a commonality between the planned and emergent approaches to change?
They share a belief in the importance of organisational adaptation
What is a characteristic of the open systems perspective?
It sees individual organisations as interdependent parts of a larger environment
What is a criticism of the planned approach to change?
It is unable to cope with continuous change
When did the planned approach to change begin to face criticism?
From the early 1980s
What is a key difference between the planned and emergent approaches to change?
The planned approach sees change as a linear process, while the emergent approach sees change as an ongoing process
What is a common criticism of the planned approach to change?
It advocates for a 'one best way' approach to change
What is the main characteristic of the Emergent approach to change?
It emerges from the day-to-day actions and decisions of members of an organisation.
According to Pettigrew, what should replace OD?
A processual approach to change.
What is the definition of a process according to processualists?
A sequence of individual and collective events, actions, and activities unfolding over time in context.
What is one of the key skills required for coalition-building in change management?
Gaining supporters and bargaining with other stakeholders.
What is the primary focus of the Emergent approach to change?
Aligning the organisation with its environment.
What is the role of managers in change management according to Pugh?
To make decisions and build coalitions.
What is a characteristic of the processual approach to change?
It focuses on individual and collective events, actions, and activities over time.
What is the main difference between the Emergent and Planned approaches to change?
The Emergent approach is more flexible and adapts to changing circumstances.
Study Notes
Emergent Change
- Emergent change is an open-ended process that involves adjusting to the changing external environment.
- It is a bottom-up approach that is unpredictable and cannot be pre-planned.
- It is a learning process with no universal rules.
Critique of Planned Change
- The planned approach to change, promoted by Lewin and the OD movement, has faced criticism for its limitations.
- Criticisms include its inability to cope with continuous change, its emphasis on incremental change, and its neglect of organizational conflict and politics.
Characteristics of Emergent Change
- Emergent change is an ongoing process of organizational adaptation and transformation.
- It adopts an open systems perspective, recognizing that organizations are interdependent parts of a larger environment.
- Change emerges from the day-to-day actions and decisions of organization members.
Role of Managers in Emergent Change
- Decision-making: includes intuition, vision, and the ability to gather and utilize information.
- Coalition-building: includes skills necessary to gain support and resources to implement decisions.
- Achieving action: includes handling opposition, motivating people, and providing support.
- Maintaining momentum and effort: includes team-building, generating ownership, and sharing information.
The Stace-Dunphy Change Matrix
- A framework for understanding the relationship between the type of change and the level of participation required.
Contingency Approach to Change
- The primary stimulus for change is the external environment, but the primary motivator for how change is accomplished resides with the people within the organization.
Determinants of Successful Change
- A framework for understanding the factors that contribute to successful change.
Managing the Political Dynamics of Change
- Requires understanding and managing the political dynamics within an organization.
Pettigrew and Whipp's Five Central Factors for Managing Change
- A framework for managing change, including coherence, strategic awareness, maintaining momentum, and more.
Kotter's Leading Change
- A framework for leading change, including establishing a sense of urgency, forming a powerful coalition, and more.
Criticisms of the Emergent Approach
- Assumes all organizations are the same.
- Overfocuses on power and politics.
- Culture is treated as malleable.
- Ignores managerial resistance.
This quiz covers developments in change management, emergence challenges, and emergent change as Organization Development (OD) strikes back.
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