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What is the term used to describe reductions in the average cost of a unit of production as the total volume of production increases?
What is the term used to describe reductions in the average cost of a unit of production as the total volume of production increases?
economies of scale
The industrial revolution forced management to begin giving careful consideration to which of the following?
The industrial revolution forced management to begin giving careful consideration to which of the following?
Which of the following are the major sections of the evolution of management thought?
Which of the following are the major sections of the evolution of management thought?
Which of the following universities were the first to offer management and business education?
Which of the following universities were the first to offer management and business education?
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What contribution did the early Venetians make to the practice of management?
What contribution did the early Venetians make to the practice of management?
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Systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, administrative management, and human relations all emerged during which period of management thought?
Systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, administrative management, and human relations all emerged during which period of management thought?
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Rank the evolution of these contemporary approaches to management from earliest (on top) to most recent (on bottom): ______
Rank the evolution of these contemporary approaches to management from earliest (on top) to most recent (on bottom): ______
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What are the goals that are common to both classical and contemporary approaches to management?
What are the goals that are common to both classical and contemporary approaches to management?
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Which of the following statements about the two major sections of the evolution of management thought are true? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following statements about the two major sections of the evolution of management thought are true? (Choose every correct answer)
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The classical period of management ran from the mid-19th century to ______.
The classical period of management ran from the mid-19th century to ______.
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Which of the following are major approaches that developed during the classical period? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are major approaches that developed during the classical period? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which classical approach to management stressed economical operations, adequate staffing, and organizational control?
Which classical approach to management stressed economical operations, adequate staffing, and organizational control?
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Which classical management approach focused on building specific procedures into operations that would ensure coordination of effort?
Which classical management approach focused on building specific procedures into operations that would ensure coordination of effort?
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Systematic management achieved organizational goals through which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
Systematic management achieved organizational goals through which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which type of management focused on internal operations because managers were attempting to meet demand generated by the Industrial Revolution?
Which type of management focused on internal operations because managers were attempting to meet demand generated by the Industrial Revolution?
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Systematic management includes which of the following?
Systematic management includes which of the following?
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Which of the following are characteristic of systematic management? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are characteristic of systematic management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which classical approach to management was discovered to be inefficient and wasteful and accompanied by poor production and wages?
Which classical approach to management was discovered to be inefficient and wasteful and accompanied by poor production and wages?
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Who introduced the scientific management approach?
Who introduced the scientific management approach?
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What did the scientific management approach advocate? (Check all that apply)
What did the scientific management approach advocate? (Check all that apply)
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Which shortcomings did Frederick Taylor discover in organizations that used systematic management? (Choose every correct answer)
Which shortcomings did Frederick Taylor discover in organizations that used systematic management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which of the following are Taylor's principles of scientific management? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are Taylor's principles of scientific management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which classical management approach involved the use of time-and-motion studies?
Which classical management approach involved the use of time-and-motion studies?
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Which of the following are factors of importance to the scientific management approach? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are factors of importance to the scientific management approach? (Choose every correct answer)
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After businesses identified the 'one best way' to perform a job, Taylor emphasized that they should ______.
After businesses identified the 'one best way' to perform a job, Taylor emphasized that they should ______.
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How did Henry Gantt expand the piecerate system?
How did Henry Gantt expand the piecerate system?
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What effects did Frank Gilbreth's system of working smarter, not harder, produce? (Choose every correct answer)
What effects did Frank Gilbreth's system of working smarter, not harder, produce? (Choose every correct answer)
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Lillian Gilbreth was known as the 'mother of ______ management.'
Lillian Gilbreth was known as the 'mother of ______ management.'
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Who expanded the piecerate system by suggesting that bonuses be offered to frontline supervisors whose employees completed their daily tasks?
Who expanded the piecerate system by suggesting that bonuses be offered to frontline supervisors whose employees completed their daily tasks?
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Lillian Gilbreth's human side of management included which of the following approaches? (Choose every correct answer)
Lillian Gilbreth's human side of management included which of the following approaches? (Choose every correct answer)
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What tool helps employees and managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks?
What tool helps employees and managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks?
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Which of the following is the most famous application of scientific management?
Which of the following is the most famous application of scientific management?
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Who developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder?
Who developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder?
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What techniques did Taylor use to implement the scientific management approach?
What techniques did Taylor use to implement the scientific management approach?
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Under Taylor's scientific management approach, what elements of manufacturing improved most dramatically? (Choose every correct answer)
Under Taylor's scientific management approach, what elements of manufacturing improved most dramatically? (Choose every correct answer)
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Who was known as the 'mother of modern management'?
Who was known as the 'mother of modern management'?
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Which system gained wide acceptance because it more closely aligned effort and reward?
Which system gained wide acceptance because it more closely aligned effort and reward?
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Lillian Gilbreth's ______ side of management included determining how job satisfaction motivated employees and determining how fatigue and stress affected productivity.
Lillian Gilbreth's ______ side of management included determining how job satisfaction motivated employees and determining how fatigue and stress affected productivity.
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Why did critics suggest that Taylor's scientific management approach was not useful for managers at the senior level?
Why did critics suggest that Taylor's scientific management approach was not useful for managers at the senior level?
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Which German sociologist showed how management could be more efficient and consistent by using a bureaucracy approach?
Which German sociologist showed how management could be more efficient and consistent by using a bureaucracy approach?
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Bureaucracy is a(n) ______ management approach emphasizing a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions within an organization.
Bureaucracy is a(n) ______ management approach emphasizing a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions within an organization.
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Which classical management approach is responsible for the most dramatic improvement in productivity and efficiency in manufacturing?
Which classical management approach is responsible for the most dramatic improvement in productivity and efficiency in manufacturing?
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What were some criticisms of scientific management? (Choose every correct answer)
What were some criticisms of scientific management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which of the following are the result of bureaucratic structure? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are the result of bureaucratic structure? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which of the following are reasons Max Weber believes bureaucracies are important? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are reasons Max Weber believes bureaucracies are important? (Choose every correct answer)
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Which of the following are shortcomings of the bureaucratic structure? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are shortcomings of the bureaucratic structure? (Choose every correct answer)
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According to Weber, how do bureaucracies eliminate biased treatment of workers and employees?
According to Weber, how do bureaucracies eliminate biased treatment of workers and employees?
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The ______ management approach suggested that management was a profession.
The ______ management approach suggested that management was a profession.
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Henri Fayol developed the framework for ______ management.
Henri Fayol developed the framework for ______ management.
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Which of the following are Fayol's five functions of management? (Choose every correct answer)
Which of the following are Fayol's five functions of management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Mary Parker Follett's contributions to administrative management include which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
Mary Parker Follett's contributions to administrative management include which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
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The approach to management that was developed in the 1930s and emphasized the interaction of social processes with the work situation was known as ______.
The approach to management that was developed in the 1930s and emphasized the interaction of social processes with the work situation was known as ______.
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Which of the following are part of Fayol's fourteen principles of management? (Choose all that apply)
Which of the following are part of Fayol's fourteen principles of management? (Choose all that apply)
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Which classical management approach supports Chester Barnard's theory that the role of senior management consists of formulating the purpose of the organization and hiring key individuals?
Which classical management approach supports Chester Barnard's theory that the role of senior management consists of formulating the purpose of the organization and hiring key individuals?
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Which approach emerged from a research project that began as a scientific management study?
Which approach emerged from a research project that began as a scientific management study?
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Western Electric Company hired a team of Harvard researchers led by which of the following people? (Choose every correct answer)
Western Electric Company hired a team of Harvard researchers led by which of the following people? (Choose every correct answer)
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What is the name of the study that investigated the influence of physical working conditions on workers' productivity and efficiency in a suburban Chicago factory?
What is the name of the study that investigated the influence of physical working conditions on workers' productivity and efficiency in a suburban Chicago factory?
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Human relations was the first major approach to emphasize which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
Human relations was the first major approach to emphasize which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
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The first stage of the Hawthorne studies examined the effects of ______ on productivity.
The first stage of the Hawthorne studies examined the effects of ______ on productivity.
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The human relations approach to management was influenced most significantly by which of the following other approaches? (Choose every correct answer)
The human relations approach to management was influenced most significantly by which of the following other approaches? (Choose every correct answer)
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When workers perform and react differently because they are being observed, it is known as the Hawthorne Effect.
When workers perform and react differently because they are being observed, it is known as the Hawthorne Effect.
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The Hawthorne studies were conducted by a team of Harvard researchers led by Fritz Roethlisberger and ______.
The Hawthorne studies were conducted by a team of Harvard researchers led by Fritz Roethlisberger and ______.
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The Hawthorne Studies concluded that employee productivity and behavior were more influenced by _____?
The Hawthorne Studies concluded that employee productivity and behavior were more influenced by _____?
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Human relations advocates believe that managers should emphasize which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
Human relations advocates believe that managers should emphasize which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
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Abraham Maslow was a major contributor to the human relations approach to management.
Abraham Maslow was a major contributor to the human relations approach to management.
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Which of the following does Maslow consider the most advanced need?
Which of the following does Maslow consider the most advanced need?
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The researchers of the Hawthorne Studies concluded that productivity is affected more by physical and objective influences than by psychological and social factors.
The researchers of the Hawthorne Studies concluded that productivity is affected more by physical and objective influences than by psychological and social factors.
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Maslow contends that individuals try to satisfy their higher-level needs then move toward the lower-level needs.
Maslow contends that individuals try to satisfy their higher-level needs then move toward the lower-level needs.
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Critics claimed that the belief that a happy worker was a productive worker was too simplistic and a failing of which management approach?
Critics claimed that the belief that a happy worker was a productive worker was too simplistic and a failing of which management approach?
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Maslow suggested that the most basic needs are physical needs for which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
Maslow suggested that the most basic needs are physical needs for which of the following? (Choose every correct answer)
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What factors did the human relations approach consider that made significant steps in the development of management? (Choose every correct answer)
What factors did the human relations approach consider that made significant steps in the development of management? (Choose every correct answer)
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Study Notes
Economies of Scale
- Refers to reductions in the average cost of production as total production volume increases.
Industrial Revolution Management Considerations
- Triggered careful attention to production processes, cost savings, and efficiency.
Evolution of Management Thought
- Major sections include Classical and Contemporary approaches.
Early Management Education
- University of Pennsylvania and Dartmouth were pioneers in management and business education.
Venetian Contributions to Management
- Standardized production methods, introduced assembly lines, and implemented inventory controls.
Period of Classical Management Thought
- Systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, administrative management, and human relations developed during this period.
Contemporary Approaches to Management
- Evolved in the following order: socio-technical systems, quantitative management, organization management, and systems theory.
Systematic Management Definition
- Aimed to integrate specific procedures ensuring coordinated efforts towards achieving organizational goals.
Goals of Management Approaches
- Both classical and contemporary approaches aim to provide managers with tools for problem-solving and to explain real managerial issues.
Interaction Between Management Approaches
- The Classical and Contemporary approaches influenced each other, with overlaps in developments.
Duration of the Classical Period
- Lasted from the mid-19th century to the mid-1900s.
Major Classical Management Approaches
- Included bureaucracy, scientific management, systematic management, and human relations.
Systematic Management Focus
- Emphasized economical operations, adequate staffing, and organizational control.
Characteristics of Systematic Management
- Labor efficiency was poor; managers concentrated on internal efficiency and operations.
Scientific Management Introduction
- Introduced by Frederick Taylor, emphasizing scientific methods to enhance work efficiency.
Principles of Scientific Management
- Advocated for scientific selection and training of workers, cooperation between management and workers, and precise approaches to tasks.
Time-and-Motion Studies
- Utilized in scientific management to improve manufacturing efficiency by analyzing work processes.
Taylor's Implementation Techniques
- Focused on time and motion analyses to optimize task efficiency and productivity.
Gantt Chart Functionality
- A planning tool helping employees and managers manage project tasks and timelines effectively.
Contributions of Lillian Gilbreth
- Known as the "mother of modern management," focused on the human side of management, addressing job satisfaction and productivity influences.
Bureaucratic Management
- Developed by Max Weber, emphasizing structured, formal networks to improve organizational efficiency.
Fayol's Administrative Management
- Defined fourteen principles including equity, unity of command, and initiative, essential for organizational success.
Chester Barnard's Senior Management Role
- Involved formulation of organizational purposes, hiring key individuals, and maintaining communication channels.
Hawthorne Studies
- Investigated how physical working conditions influenced productivity, revealing the significance of informal work groups.
Human Relations Approach
- Emerged in the 1930s, focusing on social and psychological interactions within the workplace.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Emphasized self-actualization as the highest need, suggesting that higher-level needs must be satisfied before addressing lower-level needs.
Criticisms of Management Approaches
- Scientific management faced criticism for oversimplifying the link between worker happiness and productivity.
Psychological and Social Influences
- Human relations approach highlighted the impact of social and psychological factors on employee productivity and satisfaction.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Chapter 2 of Management. Cover key concepts like economies of scale and the evolution of management practices during the Industrial Revolution. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding.
