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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
What anatomical structure surrounds the nipple?
What anatomical structure surrounds the nipple?
Where are the mammary glands located within the body?
Where are the mammary glands located within the body?
What are Cooper's ligaments known for?
What are Cooper's ligaments known for?
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Which part of the breast is referred to as the 'axillary tail'?
Which part of the breast is referred to as the 'axillary tail'?
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What is the primary composition of the internal structure of the breast?
What is the primary composition of the internal structure of the breast?
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At which intercostal space is the nipple usually located?
At which intercostal space is the nipple usually located?
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During which life phase do the mammary glands develop significant function in producing milk?
During which life phase do the mammary glands develop significant function in producing milk?
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What is the role of the retromammary space?
What is the role of the retromammary space?
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Which structure of the breast is composed of circular smooth muscle?
Which structure of the breast is composed of circular smooth muscle?
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What is the primary type of tissue that forms most of the breast?
What is the primary type of tissue that forms most of the breast?
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How many lobes does each breast consist of?
How many lobes does each breast consist of?
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What is the term for the dilated part of the lactiferous duct just before its termination?
What is the term for the dilated part of the lactiferous duct just before its termination?
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Which arteries provide blood supply to the breast?
Which arteries provide blood supply to the breast?
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Where does the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast go?
Where does the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast go?
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Which structure allows for drainage of each lobe of the breast?
Which structure allows for drainage of each lobe of the breast?
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Which nervous system controls milk secretion during lactation?
Which nervous system controls milk secretion during lactation?
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What is the opening at the tip of the nipple called?
What is the opening at the tip of the nipple called?
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What are the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves primarily involved in?
What are the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves primarily involved in?
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What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast is directed to parasternal lymph nodes?
What percentage of lymphatic drainage from the breast is directed to parasternal lymph nodes?
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Which layer of the superficial fascia contains the mammary glands?
Which layer of the superficial fascia contains the mammary glands?
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What fibrous structure supports the breast and is stronger in its upper part?
What fibrous structure supports the breast and is stronger in its upper part?
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What is the primary purpose of the retromammary space?
What is the primary purpose of the retromammary space?
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In which life phase is the breast weight significantly increased, reaching 400-500 grams?
In which life phase is the breast weight significantly increased, reaching 400-500 grams?
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What forms the colored area of skin surrounding the nipple?
What forms the colored area of skin surrounding the nipple?
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The axillary tail of the breast extends towards which anatomical region?
The axillary tail of the breast extends towards which anatomical region?
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Which muscle is closely adhered to the deep fascia anterior to the pectoralis major?
Which muscle is closely adhered to the deep fascia anterior to the pectoralis major?
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Where are the mammary glands located in relation to the ribs?
Where are the mammary glands located in relation to the ribs?
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Which type of tissue primarily composes the internal structure of the breast?
Which type of tissue primarily composes the internal structure of the breast?
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What anatomical feature separates the right and left breast?
What anatomical feature separates the right and left breast?
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What structural component forms most of the breast except during lactation?
What structural component forms most of the breast except during lactation?
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Which part of the lactiferous duct acts as a reservoir for milk during lactation?
Which part of the lactiferous duct acts as a reservoir for milk during lactation?
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Which type of artery primarily supplies blood to the medial aspect of the breast?
Which type of artery primarily supplies blood to the medial aspect of the breast?
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What is the main path for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
What is the main path for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
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Which branch of the intercostal nerves is primarily associated with the anterior cutaneous area of the breast?
Which branch of the intercostal nerves is primarily associated with the anterior cutaneous area of the breast?
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What structure opens at the tip of the nipple to facilitate milk release?
What structure opens at the tip of the nipple to facilitate milk release?
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What provides the drainage for each lobe of the breast?
What provides the drainage for each lobe of the breast?
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Which lymph node group is responsible for the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast?
Which lymph node group is responsible for the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast?
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What nervous system controls milk secretion during lactation?
What nervous system controls milk secretion during lactation?
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Which artery contributes to the lateral blood supply of the breast?
Which artery contributes to the lateral blood supply of the breast?
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Study Notes
Mammary Glands
- Modified skin gland located within the superficial fascia of the pectoral region.
- No special capsule or sheath.
- Capable of secreting milk — lactation.
- Present in both sexes.
Breast Weight
- 150-200 grams in non-lactating state.
- 400-500 grams during lactation.
Breast Development
- Hemispheric shape during prepuberty.
- Larger shape during puberty, adolescence, and adulthood.
- Lactation occurs during pregnancy.
- Menopause marks the end of reproductive capacity.
Breast Location
- Located between the 2nd (3rd) and 6th (7th) ribs.
- Extends from sternum to midaxillary line.
- Layers of fascia surrounding mammary gland:
- Superficial fascia (divided into superficial and deep layers)
- Deep fascia (anterior to pectoralis major muscle)
Superficial Fascia
- Superficial layer: contains mammary gland.
- Deep layer: forms retromammary space.
- Retromammary space: allows for free movement of mammary gland.
Deep Fascia
- Supports the free movement of the mammary gland.
- Contains suspensory ligaments of Cooper:
- Fibrous bands that run between skin and deep fascia.
- Provide support to breast, stronger in upper part of breast.
Clavipectoral Fascia
- Another name for deep fascia.
- Projects to the clavicle and attaches to it.
Axillary Tail
- Superolateral part of the breast, prolonged towards the axilla.
- May pierce the deep fascia and be close to axillary lymph nodes.
External Features
- Intermammary cleft: space between right and left breast.
- Body of breast: main structure.
- Nipple (papilla mammaria): located at 4th intercostal space.
- Areola (areola mammae): colored area of skin around the nipple.
- Contains areolar tubercles.
- Montgomery glands: specialized sebaceous glands.
- Contains circular smooth muscle (sphincter papillae muscle) that controls nipple erection.
Internal Structure
- Composed of:
- Glandular tissue
- Fatty tissue
- Connective tissue
Glandular Tissue
- Consists of 15-20 lobes, radiating out from the nipple.
- Each lobe contains one lactiferous duct (drainage)
- Pass through the nipple.
- Open onto the tip: ostium papillare
- Lactiferous sinus or ampulla: dilates part of the lactiferous duct.
- Acts as a reservoir for milk during lactation
Fatty Tissue
- Found around and between glandular tissue.
- Forms the majority of the breast, except during lactation.
Arteries of the Breast
- Lateral mammary branches:
- 2-4 posterior intercostal arteries and lateral thoracic artery.
- Medial mammary branches:
- Internal thoracic artery
- Thoracoacromial artery (branch of axillary artery).
Veins of the Breast
- Internal thoracic vein
- Axillary vein
- Intercostal vein
Nerves of the Breast
- Supraclavicular nerve
- 2-6 intercostal nerves
- Anterior cutaneous branch
- Lateral cutaneous branches
- Milk secretion is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Lymph Drainage
- Mainly to axillary lymph nodes (75%)
- Pectoral
- Subscapular
- Apical groups
- Remaining lymph drains to parasternal lymph nodes.
Mammary Glands
- Modified skin glands located within the superficial fascia.
- No special capsule or sheath.
- Capable of secreting milk - lactation.
- Present in both sexes.
- Weight: 150 - 200 gr, 400 - 500 gr during lactation.
- Hemispheric shape before puberty.
- Lactation during puberty, adolescence, and pregnancy.
- Menopause occurs in adulthood.
Localization
- Pectoral region, within the superficial fascia.
- Level: 2 (3) - 6 (7) ribs.
- From sternum to the midaxillary line.
- Located within the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and pectoral muscles (deepest).
Superficial Fascia
- Divided into two layers:
- Superficial layer
- Deep layer
- Mammary gland is within the deep layer of superficial fascia.
- Retromammary space is the deep layer of the superficial fascia.
- Deep fascia supports the free movement of the mammary gland.
Retromammary Space
- Located between the deep fascia and the mammary gland.
Deep Fascia
- Located anterior to the pectoralis major muscle. It adheres closely to the muscle.
- Suspensory ligaments (of Cooper):
- Fibrous bands that run between the skin and the deep fascia.
- Support the breast, stronger in the upper part of the breast.
Clavipectoral Fascia
- “Deep Fascia”.
- Projects to the clavicle and attaches to it.
Axillary Tail
- The superolateral part of the breast that is prolonged towards the axilla.
- May pierce the deep fascia and be close to the axillary lymph nodes.
External Features
- Intermammary cleft (between the right and left breasts).
- Body of the breast.
- Nipple (papilla mammaria):
- Located at the 4th intercostal space.
- Areola (areola mammae):
- Contains areolar tubercles.
- Contains areolar (Montgomery) glands.
- Circular smooth muscle in the nipple and areola (M. sphincter papilla).
Internal Structure of Breast (Mammary Gland)
- Composed of:
- Glandular tissue
- Fatty tissue
- Connective tissue
Glandular Tissue
- Each breast consists of 15-20 lobes:
- “Lobes of the mammary gland”.
- They radiate out from the nipple.
- Each lobe has one lactiferous duct:
- Drains each lobe of the breast.
- Passes through the nipple.
- Opens onto its tip: Ostium papillare.
- Lactiferous sinus or “ampulla”:
- The dilated part of the lactiferous duct.
- Functions as a milk reservoir during lactation.
Fatty Tissue
- Surrounds and lies between the glandular tissue.
- Forms most of the breast except during lactation.
Arteries of the Breast
- Lateral mammary branches:
- 2-4 posterior intercostal arteries and lateral thoracic artery.
- Medial mammary branches:
- Internal thoracic artery.
- Thoracoacromial artery (from axillary artery).
Veins of the Breast
- Internal thoracic vein.
- Axillary vein.
- Intercostal veins.
Nerves of the Breast
- Supraclavicular nerve.
- 2-6 intercostal nerves:
- Anterior cutaneous branches.
- Lateral cutaneous branches.
- Milk secretion is under the control of the autonomic nervous system.
Lymph Drainage
- Mainly to axillary lymph nodes:
- 75% of lymphatic drainage.
- Pectoral, subscapular, and apical groups of axillary lymph nodes.
- Remaining lymph drains to the parasternal lymph nodes.
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Description
Explore the anatomy, development, and physiology of mammary glands. This quiz delves into their structure, the process of lactation, and the changes that occur during puberty and menopause. Test your knowledge on this important aspect of human biology.
